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Carbohydrates

Learn about the different types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, and their roles in providing energy and storing energy. Explore condensation and hydrolysis reactions that form and break glycosidic bonds.

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates Simple Sugars

  2. Learning Objectives • . Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (glycogen and starch – amylose and amylopectin) and relate their structures to their roles in providing and storing energy (β-glucose and cellulose are not required in this topic).

  3. Learning objectives • Describe how monosaccharides join to form disaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose) and polysaccharides (glycogen and amylose) through condensation reactions forming glycosidic bonds, and how these can be split through hydrolysis reactions.

  4. Carbohydrates Functions: • Energy source • Energy store e.g. starch or glycogen • Structural material e.g. cellulose Elements made of: • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen General formula • Cn(H2O)n

  5. Simple SUGARS POLYSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES MONOSACCHARIDES E.g. Starch and Glycogen E.g. Cellulose CARBOHYDRATES E.g. Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose E.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose ENERGY SOURCE STRUCTURAL – component of plant cell walls ENERGY STORAGE

  6. Monosaccharides • The simplest carbohydrates ‘single sugars’ • Contain between 3 and 6 carbon atoms 3 C’s = Triose sugar e.g. glyceraldehyde 5 – pentose sugar e.g. ribose & deoxyribse 6 – hexose sugar e.g. glucose & fructose, Properties • Water soluble • Sweet • Form crystals

  7. α- Glucose

  8. The glycosidic bond • Monosaccharides can be monomers for bigger molecules • When two monosaccharides join together a glycosidic bond is formed • Why is this called a condensation reaction?

  9. Disaccharides • Double sugars made from 2 monosaccharides • Formed by CONDENSATION reaction • Each mono joined by a GLYCOSIDIC bond Examples Maltose = 2 x α-glucose Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose

  10. Hydrolysis reaction

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