I.223-304

1. I.223-304

2. The scene shifts from the lands to the heavens… • Venus approaches Jupiter and complains to him of the sufferings endured by Aeneas & comrades – anger, sarcasm, rhetorical questions • Jupiter consoles her, promising the plan for the Trojans as decreed by the Fates remains • Jupiter acts on his words by sending Mercury to earth to prepare the way for Aeneas & Trojans • Mercury acts as agent to shift back to land

3. Jupiter surveys the world (I.223-226) Et iam finis erat, cum Iuppiter aethere summo despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentes litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli constitit et Libyae defixit lumina regnis. (I.223-226)

4. Jupiter surveys the world (I.223-226) • Interlocked word order • mare velivolum terrasque iacentis (I.224) • Emphasizes the mix of lands and seas and the wide extent of the world that falls under Jupiter’s power • Transferred epithet: • velivolum – sea is not filled with sails; boats are • Emphasizes the number of ships out in the sea • Polysyndeton: • terrasque iacentes litoraque et latos populos • -que, -que, et (I.224-225) – width and breadth of Jupiter’s gaze • Metonymy • lumina = oculos (I.226)

5. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) adloquitur Venus: “O qui res hominumque deumque aeternis regis imperiis et fulmine terres, (I.229-230) • Venus flatters Jupiter to get on his good side • Note the same technique used by Juno when she approached Aeolus to convince him to stir up the winds • Opens up with emotional “O” (like Aeneas in his two speeches) • Polysyndeton – emphasizes Jupiter’s omnipotence

6. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum, quid Troes potuere, quibus tot funera passis cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis? (I.231-233) • Opens with 2 questions – just like poet’s complaint at beginning of poem • Anaphora (quid…quid) • Repetition = highly emotional • meus Aeneas – first time connection between the two is mentioned • cunctus orbis • Hyberbaton & Hyperbole – reinforces the totality of the earth

7. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) Certe hinc Romanos olim volventibus annis, hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, qui mare, qui terras omnes dicione tenerent, pollicitus – quae te, genitor, sententia vertit? (I.234-237) • Venus reminds Jupiter of his promise & accuses him of breaking that promise • Anaphora – hinc, hinc; qui qui • Asyndeton – qui mare, qui terras (I.236) • Contrast between pollicitus (es) and vertit – promise/change • Caesura (I.237) – places emphasis on promise he made

8. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) Hoc equidem occasum Troiae tristesque ruinas solabar fatis contraria fata rependens; nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos insequitur. Quem das finem, rex magne, laborum? (I.238-241) • Venus focuses on her feelings • Stresses the way in which she was able to console herself for the destruction of Troy (solebar) • fatis contraria fata – fate is surrounding contraria • Enjambment w/ insequitur • Emphasizes the pursuit of the Trojans by bad “fortuna” – follows them all the way to the next line • Question concludes her complaint • Change of name from “genitor” to now “rex” • Recalls Aeneas’ speech to his men that “dabit deus his quoque finem”

9. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) • (I.242-249) – Venus uses Antenor as an example that Antenor was able to escape from the middle of the Trojan War, and after passing through many dangers, arrived at a place where he could achieve (which is what Venus wants for Aeneas): • safety, calm, peace • A city (a resurrected Troy) • Customs (transference of Trojan culture) • A new “gens” to which his name is given • Military power (transferred from Troy)

10. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) Antenor potuit mediis elapsus Achivis Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus regna Liburnorum et fontem superare Timavi, unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis it mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti. (I.242-246) • mediis elapsus Achivis – word position – Antenor literally slips from the midst of the Greeks • tutus – final word – heavy emphasis; hyberbaton – very far from Antenor, heavy emphasis • I.244-246 – ecphrasis – description of Timavus River • Alliteration – murmure montis • Personification – river squeezes the fields

11. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit Teucrorum et genti nomen dedit armaque fixit Troia, nunc placida compostus pace quiescit: (I.247-249) • Polysyndeton (I.247-248) • Alliteration (I.249) emphasizes the pace • Syncope – compos(i)tus

12. Venus’ speech to Jupiter (I.229-253) nos, tua progenies, caeliquibusadnuisarcem, navibus (infandum!) amissisunius ob iram prodimuratqueItalislongedisiungimuroris. Hic pietatishonos? Sic nos in sceptrareponis?” (I.250-253) • Venus ends her speech with an accusation: her father has treated Antenor better than he treats his own family • infandum between ablative absolute = emotional • Italisoris – notice what it is separated by – just how far and long off Italy is to them • verbs – 1st person pl, passive – Venus places herself with them; passive shows these things are happening to the Trojans and have no active role in their sufferings

13. Jupiter’s prophetic response (I.254-296) Olli subridenshominumsatoratquedeorum vultu, quo caelumtempestatesqueserenat, osculalibavitnatae, dehinctaliafatur: (I.254-256) • Introduction to his speech • external appearance: calm, serene • his face = expression of internal feelings • enjambment – vultu – placement in following line

14. Jupiter’s prophetic response (I.254-296) • The speech itself (I.257-296) is built on careful symmetry. Jupiter dedicates five or six lines to each major theme or time period of Roman history (except the allusion to Greece, which receives only three lines). In the central position lies the reference to the imperial destiny of Rome. • Speech lifts the poem above individual actions of humans to focus on the overarching destiny of the Romans

15. Jupiter’s prophetic response – to Venus’ complaints “Parcemetu, Cytherea, manentimmotatuorum fatatibi; cernesurbem et promissaLavini moenia, sublimemqueferes ad sideracaeli magnanimumAenean; neque me sententiavertit. (I.257-260) • Emphasis on “you/Venus” (tuorum, tibi, cernes, feres) • Enjambment (I.257-tibi;)

16. Jupiter’s prophetic response – Aeneas Hic tibi (faborenim, quandohaectecuraremordet, longius et volvensfatorumarcanamovebo) bellum ingensgeret Italia populosqueferoces contundetmoresqueviris et moeniaponet, tertiadumLatioregnantemvideritaestas, ternaquetransierintRutulishibernasubactis. (I.261-266) • Elision – fatorumarcana – intimate ties between fates and secrecy • Elision – bellum ingens – war is so huge it runs together • Polysyndeton – emphasizes list of items Aeneas will accomplish (I.263-264) • Chiasmus – contendunt mores (viris) moeniaponet – viris in center • Theme – mores / moenia – cf. Antenor accomplished already

17. Jupiter’s prophetic response – Ascanius At puerAscanius, cui nunc cognomen Iulo additur (Iluserat, dum res stetitIliaregno), trigintamagnosvolvendismensibusorbes imperioexplebit, regnumqueabsedeLavini transferet, et Longammulta vi munietAlbam. (I.267-271) • Chiasmus – magnosvolvendismensibusorbes (I.269) • Hyperbaton – LongamAlbam – surrounds “multa vi”=chiasmus

18. Jupiter’s prophetic response – Alba Longa to Romulus & Remus Hic iamter centum totosregnabiturannos gente sub Hectorea, donecreginasacerdos Marte gravis geminampartudabitIliaprolem. Indelupaefulvonutricistegminelaetus Romulus excipietgentem et Mavortiacondet moeniaRomanosquesuo de nomine dicet. (I.272-277) • regnabitur – impersonal combines all kings together; what’s important is kingdom, not individual rulers • Pride in ancestry/blood-line; pride in new city (transferred power from old city); pride in new gens, giving nomen to the gens • *Antenor was able to give his nomen to a new gens

19. Jupiter’s prophetic response – imperium Romanum – urbs aeterna His ego necmetasrerumnectemporapono: Imperium sine fine dedi. QuinasperaIuno, quae mare numcterrasquemetucaeulumquefatigat, consilia in meliusreferet, mecumquefovebit Romanos, rerum dominos gentemquetogatam. (I.278-283) • dedi – perfect tense – fate has already been decided • Trojans didn’t wear togas, but they brought the ethics that allowed the Romans to cultivate civilization and government, symbolized by the toga

20. Jupiter’s prophetic response – Roman triumph over Greece Sic placitum. Venietlustrislabentibusaetas cum domusAssaraciPhthiamclarasqueMycenas servitiopremet ac victisdominabiturArgis. (I.283-285) • Theme: revenge • Prominent vocabulary – the crushing of Troy’s enemy: • servitio / premet / victis / dominabitur

21. Jupiter’s prophetic response – Birth of Caesar (Julius? Augustus?) NasceturpulchraTroianusorigine Caesar, imperiumOceano, famam qui terminetastris, Iulius, a magnodemissumnomenIulo. HunctuolimcaelospoliisOrientisonustum accipiessecura; vocabitur hic quoquevotis. (I.286-290) • Caesar at end – most important spot • Interlocked – pulchraTrioanusorigine Caesar (Romans and Trojans joined to create a hero) • imperium…astris – placement – emphasis on extent of his (which his?) power will reach to the heavens

22. Jupiter’s prophetic response – Pax Augusta & the Golden Age Asperatumpositismitescentsaeculabellis; cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratreQuirinus iuradabunt; diraeferro et compagibusartis claudentur Belli portae; Furor impiusintus saevasedens super arma et centum vinctusaënis post tergumnodisfremethorridus ore cruento.” (I.291-296) • Interlocked - asperapisitissaeculabellis (I.291) – complex atrocities of war will be set aside • Fides/Vesta – honor and sanctity of Roman home • Closing of the gates of war, Janus

23. Mercury’s mission to Earth • Jupiter sends Mercury to Carthage to ensure that Dido will treat Trojans kindly • Mercury acts as the narrative agent to change the scene from heaven back to earth Haecait et Maia genitumdemittitab alto, utterraeutque novae pateantKarthaginisarces hospitioTeucris, ne fatinescia Dido (I.297-299) • Anaphora (ut…ut) • Dido at end of line – casual mention of her • Dido must not frustrate, through mere human ignorance, the will of Jupiter

24. Mercury’s mission to Earth finibusarceret. Volatille per aëra magnum remigio alarum ac Libyaecitusadstititoris. Et iamiussafacit, ponuntqueferociaPoeni corda volente deo; in primisreginaquietum accipit in Teucrosanimummentemquebenignam. (I.300-304) • I.303-304 – • hyberbaton - quietumanimum • chiasmus – quietumanimummentumquebenignam • alliteration – m reinforces spirit/mind theme