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SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM . 206 BONES MAKE UP THE HUMAN SKELETON. 2 TYPES OF BONE. 1. Compact bone - ( hard, dense outer area) densely packed matrix of salts and collagen- nourishment provided to bone cells by blood vessels that extend through Haversian canals

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

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  1. SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 BONES MAKE UP THE HUMAN SKELETON

  2. 2 TYPES OF BONE 1. Compact bone- (hard, dense outer area) densely packed matrix of salts and collagen- nourishment provided to bone cells by blood vessels that extend through Haversian canals 2. Spongy bone –not as densely packed- contain spaces that are filled with blood- called red marrow Matrix is deposited in thin, bony plates called spicules around the red marrow

  3. 2 skeletons • AXIAL SKELETON- used mostly for protection- bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum • APPENDICULAR SKELETON-used mostly for support and movement- bones of the hip and legs, also the shoulder and arms

  4. Bone tissue • OSTEON or HAVERSIAN SYSTEM- complete ring consisting of osteocytes, lamallae and a central Haversian canal

  5. BONE TISSUE Bone-“osseous tissue” “OSTEOCYTE” - Mature bone Cell located in LACUNAE- a hollow cavity • LAMELLAE- Lacunae are arranged in concentric rings of calcium salts • HAVERSIAN CANAL- (it consists of blood vessels and nerves)one central “bullseye” • CANALICULI- tiny squiggly lines “canals” radiating outward from the central Haversian Canal- to all the lacunae in the osteon. This is how nourishment gets to each osteocyte.

  6. Bone tissue • PERFORATING “VOLKMANN’S” CANALS- blood vessels that travel at right angles to the direction of the shaft go from the exterior of the bone to the interior and reach the Haversian canals

  7. 4 TYPES OF BONES 1. LONG BONE- longer than they are wide- have a shaft with heads at both ends- all the bones of the limbs (femur, humerus, ulna, etc)- made mostly of COMPACT bone

  8. 4 TYPES OF BONES 2. SHORT BONE- typically cube shaped- mostly SPONGY bone- bones of the wrist and ankle, patella

  9. 4 TYPES OF BONES • 3. FLAT BONE- thin, flattened, and usually curved – contain two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone-

  10. 4 TYPES OF BONES 4. IRREGULAR BONE- bones that do not fit any of the above categories- (vertebrae, hip bones)

  11. PARTS OF LONG BONE EPIPHYSES- the ends of the long bones- composed of a thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone- DIAPHYSIS- the shaft of the bone- composed of compact bone PERIOSTEUM – connective tissue covering of the shaft of the long bone that nourishes the bone ENDOSTEUM- inner lining of the bone cavity

  12. PARTS OF LONG BONE • YELLOW MARROW-found in the MEDULLARY CAVITY- The cavity of the shaft is primarily a storage area of fat. • RED MARROW - found in the cavities of spongy bone and the epiphyses of long bones • (found in long bones in infants)

  13. PARTS OF LONG BONE • EPIPHYSEAL PLATE- flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone. Cause the bone to grow length wise. This cartilage plate gets replaces by bone at the end of puberty and leaves only an EPIPHYSEAL LINE to mark their previous location • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE- hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses- provides a smooth, slippery surface for a joint.

  14. Functions of BONE (5) • Support • Protection- (ex.- skull and ribcage) • Movement- attachment places for muscles and used as levers • Storage- • Minerals- calcium and phosphorus • Fat- yellow bone marrow

  15. Functions of BONE (5) 5. HEMATOPOIESIS- the formation of blood cells (both RBC and WBC) occurs in the red bone marrow

  16. BONE MARKINGS PROJECTIONS THAT HELP FORM JOINTS Head Facet Condyle Ramus

  17. BONE MARKINGS- • PROJECTIONS FOR MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Spine Process Epicondyle

  18. DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS FOR THE PASSAGE BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES Meatus Sinus Fossa Groove Fissure Foramen

  19. AXIAL SKELETON SKULL- is formed by two sets of bones. CRANIUM BONES- 8 bones that enclose the brain FACIAL BONES- 15 bones of the face and jaw SUTURES- immovable joints between bones

  20. Cranium

  21. Cranium from superior view

  22. Facial Bones from

  23. MANDIBLE

  24. FUSED VERTEBRAE First 5- Form the SACRUM Last 4 – Form the COCCYX or tailbone

  25. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 33 SEPARATE BONES- 9 BONES WILL EVENTUALLY FUSE TOGETHER 24 non fused vertebrae 1ST 7 VERTEBRAE- CERVICAL (NECK) Next 12 VERTEBRAE- THORACIC (contains ribs) Last 5 VERTEBRAE- LUMBAR ( lower back)

  26. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE BODY- large section for weight bearing VERTEBRAL FORAMEN- opening for spinal cord SPINOUS PROCESS- single spine at the posterior of the vertebrae

  27. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAL ARCH- the whole loop around the vertebral foramen- (consists of Lamina and Pedicle) TRANSVERSE PROCESS- lateral projections from the vertebral arch

  28. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS- where it forms a joint with the vertebrae above INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS-where it forms a joint with the vertebrae below

  29. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE 1st vertebrae- ATLAS- articulates with occipital condyles- (atlas has no BODY) - allows you to nod your head “YES” 2nd vertebrae- AXIS- has a large superior process (ODONTOID PROCESS or DENS) which acts as a pivot - allows you to rotate your head “NO”

  30. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

  31. THORACIC VERTEBRA

  32. LUMBAR VERTEBRA

  33. BONY THORAX thoracic cage” around the lungs and heart. Includes 1. thoracic vertebrae 2. ribs 3. sternum

  34. RIBS- 12 pairs attach to the thoracic vertebra 7 pairs of TRUE RIBS which attach directly to the sternum by COSTAL CARTILAGE 5 pairs of FALSE RIBS- which attach indirectly or not at all to the Sternum 1 pair of FLOATING RIBS- which are the last set of false ribs which lack any attachment to the sternum

  35. STERNUM STERNUM- flat bone that is attached to the first 7 ribs. The result of the fusion of three bones 1. MANUBRIUM (top) 2. BODY (middle) 3. XIPHOID PROCESS (point on bottom)

  36. 3 LANDMARKS OF THE STERNUM • 1. JUGULAR NOTCH- concave upper border of the manubrium • 2 STERNAL ANGLE- fusion of the manubrium and the body. Meets at a slight angle. Located at the second rib and is a reference point • 3. XIPHISTERNAL JOINT- point where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse- located at the 9th thoracic vertebrae

  37. SPINE CURVATURES SCOLIOSIS- spine is out of alignment longitudinally “S shaped” KYPHOSIS- extreme curvature of thoracic vertebrae “hunchback” LORDOSIS- extreme curvature of lumbar vertebrae

  38. Problems RICKETS- disease in children in which bones fail to calcify. Rickets is typically due to lack of calcium in the diet or lack of vitamin D which is needed for bone absorption OSTEOPOROSIS- disease typically of older women- where bone tissue breaks down faster than new bone tissue is built up

  39. TYPES OF FRACTURES

  40. Common Types of Fractures • SIMPLE /CLOSED- fracture that does not break the skin • COMPOUND / OPEN- fracture that breaks through the skin

  41. TYPES OF FRACTURES

  42. Types of reductions CLOSED REDUCTION- putting the bone back in alignment without surgery OPEN REDUCTION- surgery is needed to hold the bones in place with pins / wires

  43. Other Types of Fractures COMMINUTED- bone breaks into many fragments. Common in elderly (osteoporosis). Causes- car crashes, major accidents COMPRESSION- bone is crushed. Common in elderly (osteoporosis) and Vertebrae. Usually from falling from serious heights DEPRESSED- bone broken inwards- Skull fracture due to blunt force trauma

  44. TYPES OF FRACTURES

  45. Other Types of Fractures IMPACTED- broken bone ends forced against each other- Common in falls from large heights SPIRAL- ragged break occurs from excessive twisting. Common sports injury GREENSTICK- bone breaks incompletely- common in children’s bones which are more flexible

  46. OSSIFICATION- the formation of bone tissue (Pg 121) OSSIFICATION- involves 2 types- lengthening and widening OSTEOBLASTS- bone-forming cells -form the bone matrix OSTEOCLASTS- bone destroying cells break down old bone

  47. Widening- • Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone tissue to the external surface of the bone while OSTEOCLASTS break down bone from the inner surface of the diaphysis wall. (endosteum)

  48. Lengthening-Epiphyseal plates account lengthening. 1. New cartilage is formed continuously on the external surface of the epiphyseal plate • Internal surface of epiphyseal plate is being broken down and turned to bony matrix by osteoblasts. • When the osteoblasts catch up and turn all the epiphyseal plate to bone- growth stops.

  49. REMODELING- bones are living and constantly changing Due to: • CALCIUM levels in the blood, PARATHYROID HORMONE breaks down bone when its needed for calcium in the blood. CALCITONIN- (made in the thyroid) lowers calcium levels in the blood by producing more bone (storage) 2. Stresses by muscle pull and gravity determine where bone matrix is broken down or formed (larger projections for increased muscle mass)

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