How to write an article? Suggestions based on APA manual

1. How to write an article?Suggestions based on APA manual M. JUNGER Presentatietitel: aanpassen via Beeld, Koptekst en voettekst 1

2. Goal APAguidelines • Standardize the description of research -> and the research itself! • To monitor quality • For al sorts of articles • For all behavioral sciences [APA08] APA Publications and Communications Board. Reporting standards for research in psychology: Why do we need them? what might they be? American Psychologist, 63(9):839-851, Dec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.839 [APA09] APA Publications and Communications Board. APPENDIX - journal article reporting standards (JARS), Meta-Analysis reporting standards (MARS), and flow of participants through each stage of an experiment or Quasi-Experiment. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, pages 245-253. American Psychological Association, Jul 2009. http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/JARS-MARS.pdf How to write. APA guidelines

3. Think of it as a table How to write. APA guidelines

4. Structure manuscript – APA style • Title page • Abstract • Introduction – includes literature review • Method • Results • Discussion • References • Appendices How to write. APA guidelines

5. 1. Title • Write a title in the same style as other titles for your chosen journal. • Mistakes to avoid • trendy and cutesy titles are soon dated and will be embarrassing to have in your CV.

6. 2. Abstract • This summarizes how you carried out your research and what you learned. • Consider structured abstracts (i.e., BMJ) • Mistakes to avoid: • Don’t go beyond what you establish in your paper, no non-significant results, no speculation, no telegraphic style, stay within the word count limit.

7. 3. Introduction • Background, introduce problem • Describe 1 solution from literature • Describe problems/omissions in (1). • Formulate goals study in relation to (1) • Describe 2, etc…. • Conclusion: goal study • Emphasize originality How to write. APA guidelines

8. Literature review in Introduction • The conflicting goals • comprehensiveness versus brevity • Include all relevant citations • Methods, Procedures & Results. • Mistakes to avoid: personal favorites How to write. APA guidelines

9. 4. METHOD • Goal: duplication your research with another sample. • Mistakes to avoid: • Any suboptimal aspect of your methods should be followed by “see the Limitations section” and deal with it there. • Do not try to hide or disguise poor methods; experienced reviewers will pounce! How to write. APA guidelines

10. 4. METHOD • Design, sample, participants • Sampling procedure/Experimental procedure • Measures • Dependent variables • Independent variables • Co-variates • Analyses How to write. APA guidelines http://www.apa.org/pubs/authors/jars.pdf

11. 5. RESULTS • Structure according to hypotheses • Present findings, and only the findings • Mistakes to avoid: • This section lends itself to over-writing, to underwriting, and to giving undo weight to non-significant results How to write. APA guidelines

12. 6. Discussion - conclusion • Brief summary of problem & goal study • Evaluate and interpret the results, especially with respect to the original research question • Implications of the results (policy) • Limitations of study (design/method) • Strong points of study • Conclusion of main finding(s) How to write. APA guidelines

13. 7. References • According tot APA style or another system • Try a reference manager, like Endnote How to write. APA guidelines

14. Language • Objective writing style • No sexist, racists language • Impersonal style How to write. APA guidelines

15. Check with this table How to write. APA guidelines

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