The Urbanization of America

1. Unit 7 - New South, Last West, Industrialization RUSH Mrs. Baker The Urbanization of America

2. Objective… To analyze the economic, social, and political effects of immigration and to understand the immigrant experience.

3. Immigration in the united States

4. Do-It-Now:Answer the Following Questions in Space Provided 1. Where did the “Old Immigrants” arrive from? (Antebellum Era) 2. Where did these groups settle in the U.S.?

5. The Big Idea • A new wave of immigration in the late 1800s brought large number of immigrants to the United States. • Main Ideas • U.S. immigration patterns changed during the late 1800s as new immigrants arrived from Europe, Asia, and Mexico. • Immigrants worked hard to adjust to life in the United States. • Some Americans opposed immigration and worked to restrict it. A New Wave of Immigrants

6. Immigrants faced a difficult journey, usually travelling in steerage, the area below the ship’s deck. New Arrivals had to go to immigration processing centers run by state and local governments. Officials in processing centers interviewed immigrants to determine whether to let them enter the country. Some immigrants were kept at processing centers for weeks or months while officials investigated their families. Journey to America

7. Immigration Centers

8. From 1892 to 1924, an estimated 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island Ellis Island

10. The New Pattern of Immigration The “New Immigrants” • Southern and Eastern Europe • China and Japan • Mexico and West Indies Reasons: Economic opportunity Political Freedom Religious Freedom

13. “Old” vs. “New” Immigrants

14. Many immigrants moved into neighborhoods with others from the same country. • They could hear their language, eat familiar foods, and keep their customs. • Business owners often helped new arrivals by offering credit and loans. • Some communities formed benevolent societies to help immigrants in cases of sickness, unemployment, or death. • Benevolent – desire to help others. • Many immigrants lived in tenements • Poorly built, overcrowded apartment. Adjustment to New Life

15. Theories of Immigration

16. Many immigrants were farmers in their homelands, but had to find jobs in cities in the United States. Had to take low-paying, unskilled jobs in garment or steel factories and construction. Some worked long hours for little pay in small shops or mills called sweatshops. Immigrants with appropriate skills sometimes found work in a wide range of occupations. Others saved, shared, or borrowed money to open small businesses. Some Mexican immigrants worked on large commercial farms in Arizona, Texas, and California. Immigrant Workers

17. Anti-immigration feelings grew with increases in immigration. • Some unions feared immigrants would take away jobs. • Americans called nativists promoted racial and ethnic prejudices. • Thought new immigrants would not learn American customs, which might harm American society. • Some were violent towards immigrants. • Some nativists advocated laws limiting immigration Opposition to Immigration

18. Immigration Restrictions Why were “Old Immigrants” and native-born Americans afraid of the “New Immigrants”?

19. Immigration Activity Analyzing Immigration in the U.S.

20. Immigration Activity Analyzing the Growth of American Cities

21. The Urbanization of America The Growth of Cities

23. The Big Idea • America cities experienced dramatic expansion and change in the late 1800s. • The Main Ideas • Both immigrants and native-born Americans moved to growing urban areas in record numbers in the late 1800s and early 1900s. • New technology and ideas helped cities change and adapt to rapid population growth. The Growth Of Cities

24. Immigrants and native-born Americans moved to cities in the late 1800s, causing rapid urban growth • By 1900 • About 40 % of Americans lived in urban areas • NYC, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston and Baltimore all had populations of a half million • 35+ cities had population of greater than 100,000 The Movement into the Cities

25. New Immigrants • Families from rural areas • New farm equipment replaces workers • African Americans from rural South • Escape discrimination • Educational and economic opportunities • Railroads Factors of Urban Growth

26. Positive impacts of Urbanization • New technologies • Skyscrapers • Otis Elevator • New forms of transportation • Subways • Streetcars • Elevated trains • Cultural advances • Mass circulation of newspapers, magazines & novels • Museums, theaters and parks • Public schools

27. Typical city buildings in the mid-1800s were only five stories tall • The growth of the American steel industry led to the upward growth of cities • Sturdy steel beams allowed multistory buildings to be built. • Invention of safety elevator by Elisha Otis in 1850s made skyscrapers practical. Building Skyscrapers

29. Housing • Tenements • Multifamily buildings • Overcrowded • Unsanitary • Health • Urban crowding helped spread disease • Water and sanitation were often inadequate • Poor families could not afford proper diets • Lacked knowledge of basic health care • Crime • Increase population combined with poor wage • RISE IN CRIME!!!! Negative Impacts of Urbanization

30. The Housing of Urban Poor Dumbbell Tenements

33. Social Gospel Movement • Salvation through service to the poor • Settlement Houses • Community centers in urban slums that provided assistance for people in the area • Immigrants • Middle-class, college educated women • Jane Addams • Hull House, Chicago A Call to Reform

35. Summary Activity