Review for Final and Benchmark

1. Review for Final and Benchmark

2. Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity • Biodiversity is: the number of species in an area • A niche is: the role or job of an organism in its ecosystem including the resources it uses

3. Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity An ecosystem good is an item provided by nature that has value to humans. Examples include: • Food • Construction materials • Medicinal plants An ecosystem service is something nature does that is valuable to humans. Examples include: Regulating climate • Cleansing water and air • Maintaining the gaseous composition of the atmosphere • Pollinating crops and other important plants • Generating and maintaining soils • Storing and cycling essential nutrients • Absorbing and detoxifying pollutants

4. Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity Question 5: Which area has a higher level of biodiversity (which one has a bigger variety of plants and animals?) Answer: Area 1 because it has more species

5. Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities • An invasive species is a non-native species that grows rapidly (because it has no natural predators) and causes harm to an ecosystem • Deforestation is to cut down trees and/or clear away forests

6. Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities Look at the food web on your study guide. 8. In the above food web, which organism would be most positively affected if humans built a factory nearby that increased the carbon dioxide levels in the air?Plants because they take in carbon dioxide

7. Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities 9. In the above food web, which organism would be most directly affected if humans introduced an invasive species that ate mice? The owl because it eats mice, and now it has to compete for food

8. Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities 10. In the above food web, which organism(s) would be affected if humans started hunting mountain lions? All populations would be affected because the mountain lion is the top predator. Deer, bird, and rabbit populations would increase.

9. Unit 1: Ecology: Population Growth • Define emigration. when an organism leaves a population • Define immigration. when an organism enters a population • Define birthrate. The number of organisms born into a population in X time • Define deathrate. The number of organisms that die in a population in X time

10. Unit 1: Ecology: Population Growth 15. In one year, a population of wolves gives birth to 56 new pups, but 13 wolves die. 6 new wolves enter the population, but 7 wolves leave the population. What is the population growth rate of the population? 56-13+6-7 = 42 wolves per year!!!!

11. Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical Cycles • Draw the Carbon Cycle

12. Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical Cycles 17. Draw the oxygen cycle Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water + light energy=> glucose + oxygen (6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy=> C6H12O6 + 6O2): Cellular respiration Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy/ATP C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy/ATP

13. Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical Cycles • Draw the water cycle

14. Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical Cycles 19. Draw the nitrogen cycle

15. Unit 1: Ecology: Producers and Decomposers 20. Define producers. Organisms that make food (plants) 21. Define decomposers. Organisms that break down other dead organisms 22. Define consumers. Organisms that eat other organisms (plants OR animals) for food 23. Define autotrophs. Organisms that can make their own food (plants and some bacteria) 24. Define heterotrophs. Organisms that can’t make their own food and must eat other organisms

16. Unit 1: Ecology: Energy Pyramids 25. Draw an energy pyramid for the following food chain. Label trophic labels, and amount of energy in kcals and biomass in g/m^3 if the plant has 14082 kcals and 12502 g/m^3 of biomass.Plant  Caterpillar  Praying Mantis  Small Bird  Hawk Don’t worry about the biomass 10% of energy at each level transfers to the next level

17. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes 26. Define diffusion: the movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration 27. Create an illustration that shows diffusion in action.

18. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes 28. Define osmosis. The diffusion of water. The movement of water molecules across a semi- permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated solution

19. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes 30. Define facilitated diffusion: diffusion of particles across a semi-permeable membrane that requires a membrane channel protein, but does not require energy 31. Create an illustration that shows facilitated diffusion in action.

20. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes • Define active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane – requires ATP and a membrane protein

21. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes 34. Define enzyme. A protein that catalyzes reactions in organisms • Define substrate. A molecule that An enzyme works on

22. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes 36. What is a catabolic reaction? A reaction that happens when an enzyme breaks something into smaller parts

23. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes • What is an anabolic reaction? A reaction that happens when an enzyme puts smaller molecules together to make one product. 38. Draw a picture of an enzyme, substrate, active site and products in a catabolic reaction (in this drawing, the enzyme is orange, the substrates are red and green, the two arrows on the left are pointing to the active site, and the product is purple)

24. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Types of Cells 39. Fill in the chart

25. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Types of Cells 40. Fill in the chart

26. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Organelles Name the functions of the following organelles: • Nucleus: stores and protects DNA • Ribosomes: make protein 43. Endoplasmic reticulum: (is attached to the nucleus) Rough – has ribosomes Smooth – makes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids Golgi apparatus: processes and packages proteins for secretion • Lysosome: holds enzymes that break down waste and invaders • Vacuole: stores water • Cell membrane: protects cell, controls what comes in and out of the cell • Cell wall: cell structure and protection (plants) • Mitochondria: makes energy (ATP) for the cell 50. Chloroplast: captures energy from sunlight to make sugars

27. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Photosynthesis 51. Fill in the chart

28. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular Respiration 52. Fill in the chart indicating what molecules go in and out

29. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular Respiration 53. Fill in the chart indicating which molecules go into and out of each part of anaerobic respiration What other type of fermentation exists? Alcoholic fermentation (done by yeast and some bacteria) Also note that glycolysis is the same as in aerobic respiration.

30. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular Respiration • What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, anaerobic respiration does not

31. Unit 2: Cell Biology: Macromolecules 55. Fill in the chart

32. Unit 3: DNA: The Central Dogma • What does the Central Dogma state? DNA  RNA  Proteins (DNA is where the information on how to make proteins is stored, mRNA is a copy, tRNA delivers amino acids, the ribosome attaches the amino acids together to make a polypeptide (a protein) The central dogma outlines the flow of information from DNAto Protein. It describes ProteinSynthesis(how proteins are made through transcription and translation)

33. Unit 3: DNA: The Central Dogma • Which part of the central dogma refers to transcription? DNA  RNA (in transcription, a copy of mRNA is made using DNA as a template) • Which part of the central dogma • refers to translation? RNA  Protein (in translation, the sequence of codons in the mRNA is converted to amino acids by tRNA at the ribosome)

34. Unit 3: DNA: Translation • What does mRNA do? It acts as a template during translation

35. Unit 3: DNA: Translation • What does tRNA do? It pairs its anticodon with a codon on mRNA, and it delivers amino acids to the ribosome where they are added to the growing chain

36. Unit 3: DNA: Translation • What does rRNA do? All you need to know is that rRNA stands for ribosomal RNA, and that rRNA is on ribosomes

37. Unit 3: DNA: Translation • Where does translation happen? IN THE CYTOPLASM!!!!!!!!

38. Unit 3: DNA: Translation • What is the final product of translation? PROTEIN!!!!!! Transcription and translation = protein synthesis

39. Unit 3: DNA: Codon Table • Turn the following DNA strand into amino acids. Introns are in red. Original DNA: GAAAGCTCACCGGGGTAA Pre-mRNA: CUUUCGAGUGGCCCCAUU (cut out the introns) Final mRNA: CCGAGUGGCAUU Amino Acid Sequence: Pro – Ser – Gly - Ile

40. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations 65. Would the following mutation be expressed? Show your work Original DNA: GTATTTCAGmRNA = CAU Mutated DNA: GTGTTGCACmRNA = CAC Both CAU and CAC code for His, so no, this mutation will not be expressed. It is a silent mutation.

41. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations 66. What type of mutation is this? Original DNA: CCGAATGAC Mutated DNA: CCGTAATGAC This is an insertion. One T was inserted into the original DNA sequence. This will cause a frameshift

42. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations 67. What type of mutation is this? Original DNA: CCGAATGAC Mutated DNA: CGAATGAC This is a deletion. One C was deleted from the original sequence. This will also cause a frameshift.

43. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations 68. What type of mutation is this?Original DNA: CCGAATGAC Mutated DNA: CCCAATGAC This is a point mutation, and a substitution. One DNA base has been changed. This will NOT cause a frameshift.

44. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations Types of gene mutations:

45. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations Frameshift Mutations are gene mutations that are caused by an insertion or a deletion.

46. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations • Define a deletion chromosomal mutation. When a segment of chromosome is lost or removed. • Define an inversion chromosomal mutation. When a segment of chromosome is flipped around and inserted back into the same chromosome. • Define a duplication chromosomal mutation. When a segment of chromosome is repeated. 72. Define a translocation chromosomal mutation. When two non-homologous (different) chromosomes exchange sections *See the next slide for pictures of these*

47. Unit 3: DNA: Mutations Chromosome Mutations

48. Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation 73. Define cell differentiation. the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

49. Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation • Define gene expression. When a cell is making proteins from the information in DNA, we say that gene is being expressed. Not all genes are expressed in all cells, but all cells have the same DNA.

50. Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation 75. Nerve cells need the ability to transmit messages across cells. Would the genes that create the proteins necessary to transmit these messages be turned ON or OFF in skin cells? OFF because a skin cell does not transmit electrical messages. Skin cells have a different function than nerve cells, so they need different proteins.