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Tissues Of The Body

Tissues Of The Body. Raven & Johnson Pages 213 - 214. 5 Stages of A Cell Cycle. G1 - Primary growth Possible G 0 phase S - Replication of genome G2 - Preparation for cell reproduction. Cell Cycle. Raven & Johnson Pages 213 - 218. 5 Stages of A Cell Cycle. M - Separation of two genomes.

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Tissues Of The Body

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  1. Tissues Of The Body

  2. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 214 5 Stages of A Cell Cycle • G1 - Primary growth • Possible G0 phase • S - Replication of genome • G2 - Preparation for cell reproduction. Cell Cycle

  3. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 5 Stages of A Cell Cycle • M - Separation of two genomes. • C - division of mother cell to form two daughter cells. • G Phases are sometimes referred to as Gap phases. Cell Cycle

  4. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 219 Control of Cell Cycle • Cell can be put on hold at certain checkpoints • Checkpoints are for accuracy. • G1/S (Start or Restriction site) • Irreversible commitment to DNA replication. • Genome must be intact. • Nutrition must be adequate.

  5. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 219 Control of Cell Cycle • G2/M Checkpoint • Passage means mitosis occurs. • DNA replication must be successful. • Spindle Checkpoint. • All chromosomes must be attached to the spindle apparatus.

  6. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 Mitosis • Traditionally divided into four stages. • Actually continuous process. Cells in the process of dividing

  7. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 Prophase • Chromosomes continue to condense. • Two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles. • Centrioles start producing mitotic spindle. • Nuclear envelope breaks down. • Asters form in animal cells. • Polar fibers Vs kinetchore fibers.

  8. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 Metaphase • Chromatids align at metaphase plate. • Centromeres align equidistance form poles of cell. • Homologous pairs are not side by side. • Centomeres split.

  9. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 Anaphase • Microtubules move sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell. • Microtubules are composed of tubulin. • Spindle apparatus elongates. • Centromeres move to poles of cell. • Kinetichore fibers are shortened.

  10. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 Telophase • Reformation of the nuclei in each daughter cell. • Spindle apparatus disassembled. • Tubulin used for cytoskeleton. • Chromosomes uncoil. • Nucleoli reappear.

  11. Raven & JohnsonPages 213 - 218 Cytokinesis • Binary fission occurs to mother cell. • Each new daughter cell now enters G1. • Animal cells create a cleavage furrow. • Plant cells create a division plate.

  12. Tortora Pages 55-57 Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer • Cells replicating without control is a tumor. • Malignant refers to cancerous. • Benign refers to harmless. Malignant tumor of the brain.

  13. Tortora Pages 55-57 Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer • Benign tumors do not spread. • Malignant tumors are capable of spreading. Benign tumor of the phalanges Malignant tumor of the femur

  14. Tortora Pages 55-57 Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer • Primary tumors start first. • Metastasis. • Results in secondary tumors. Malignant melanoma

  15. Tortora Pages 55-57 Types of Cancer • Recognized by their microscopic structure. Cells of lung cancer

  16. Tortora Pages 55-57 Types of Cancer • Carcinoma • Epithelial cells. • Sarcoma • Connective tissue • Osteogenic sarcoma • Bone • Myelomas • Blood Stages of mitosis

  17. Tortora Pages 55-57 Causes of Cancer • Carcinogens • Chemicals • Radiation • UV light • Viruses • Genes • Oncogenes Ozone layer hole over Anartica

  18. Tortora Pages 63-71 Tissues • Cells of the same type grouped together performing the same function. • Cell’s structure is adaptation to tissue function. • Study of tissues is referred to as Histology. Connective tissue: elastic cartilage

  19. Tortora Pages 63-71 Tissue Types • Four categories of tissues: • Epithelial • Covers body structures. • Lines cavities • Connective • Protects other tissues • Supports other tissues • Binds other tissues • Stores energy • Muscular (future unit) • Nervous (future unit) Ciliated columnar epithelium and basement membrane

  20. Tortora Pages 63-71 Epithelial Tissue • Two types of epithelium • Covering • Glandular • Cells connected or joined at cell junctions. • Nerves extend through epithelial tissue. • Epithelial tissue is avascular. • Epithelium is always attached to basement membrane. Basement membrane

  21. Tortora Pages 63-71 Epithelial Tissue Based on Shape • Squamous • Thin scale-like shape. • Protection if layered. • Specialized in osmosis - diffusion if single layer. • Simple - single layer. • Stratified - multiple layers • Pseudostratified - single layer but appears layered. Simple squamous epithelium

  22. Tortora Pages 63-71 Epithelial Tissue Based on Shape

  23. Tortora Pages 63-71 Epithelial Tissue Based on Shape • Cuboidal Epithelium • Cube shaped. • Function in secretion and absorption. • Simple or stratified. Simple cuboidal epithelium

  24. Tortora Pages 63-71 Epithelial Tissue Based on Shape • Columnar Epithelium • Tall and cylindrical in shape. • Specialize in protection. • Function in absorption and secretion. • May have ciliated surface. • Surface may have microvilli. • Simple or stratified. Simple columnar epithelium

  25. Tortora Pages 63-71 Epithelial Tissue Based on Shape • Transitional Epithelium • Shape and size vary. • Size changes as structures change shape. Transitional epithelium

  26. Tortora Pages 71-79 Connective Tissue • Characteristics • Highly vascular • Except for cartilage • Cells are widely spaced • Cells are positioned in matrix

  27. Tortora Pages 71-79 Embryonic Connective Tissue • Embryonic refers to first two months of pregnancy. • Mesenchyme • Gives rise to all other tissues Embryonic connective tissue

  28. Tortora Pages 71-79 Adult Connective Tissue • Present at birth and does not change through out life. • Adipose tissue • Subcutaneous tissue below skin. • Around heart, kidneys, etc. • In marrow of long bones • Stores energy. • Conserves heat. Adipose Tissue

  29. Tortora Pages 71-79 Adult Connective Tissue • Cartilage • No blood vessels or nerves. • Chondrocytes are cartilage cells. • Chondrocytes occur in lucunae. • Hyaline cartilage • Gristle • Articular cartilage • Costal cartilage • Embryonic skeleton Hyaline cartilage

  30. Tortora Pages 71-79

  31. Tortora Pages 71-79 Adult Connective Tissue • Elastic cartilage • Provides strength • Maintains shape • Found in: • Ear • Epigottis • Voice box Elastic cartilage

  32. Tortora Pages 71-79 Adult Connective Tissue • White fibrous connective tissue • Dense • Contains collagenous fibers. • Contains fibroblasts • Tendons • Ligaments White Fibrous Tissue

  33. Tortora Pages 71-79 Membranes of the Human Body • Mucous membranes • Lines body cavities that open directly to the environment. • Secretes mucus. • Many times with cilia. • Gastrointestinal tract. • Respiratory tract. • Excretory tract. • Reproductive tract. Respiratory tract lining

  34. Tortora Pages 71-79 Membranes of the Human Body • Serous membranes • Lines cavities that do not open to the environment. • Made of two parts: • One attaches to cavity wall. • One covers the organ. • Pleura - surrounds lungs • Pericardium - surrounds heart • Peritoneum - covers abdominal organs. Pericardium surrounding the heart

  35. Tortora Pages 71-79 Membranes of the Human Body • Cutaneous membranes • Integumentary system - skin. White Fibrous Tissue

  36. Tortora Pages 71-79 Membranes of the Human Body • Synovial membranes • Lines cavities of joints. • Secretes synovial fluid. • Serves to lubricate the joints o the body. • Nourishes the articular cartilage. Synovial membrane

  37. Lab Review

  38. Thursday 10/10 Types of Cell Division • Somatic cell division. • 1 parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells • Uses mitosis and cytokinesis Mitosis

  39. Thursday 10/10 Types of Cell Division • Reproductive cell division. • Uses meiosis. • Produces sperm and egg. • Occurs only in testes and ovaries. Meiosis

  40. Thursday 10/10 Cell Cycle • Cell Cycle consists of 4 stages • G1 • S • G2 • Mitosis - Cytokinesis Cell Cycle

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