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Influenza

Influenza. By: Sasha Martinez, Marina Glower, Priscilla Lucio, and Irani Price. What does this virus affect?. Influenza affects the respiratory tract, the trachea and the lungs. Is it a Disease?. Influenza, which is often referred to as the flu, is an acute highly contagious infection.

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Influenza

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  1. Influenza By: Sasha Martinez, Marina Glower, Priscilla Lucio, and Irani Price

  2. What does this virus affect? • Influenza affects the respiratory tract, the trachea and the lungs.

  3. Is it a Disease? • Influenza, which is often referred to as the flu, is an acute highly contagious infection. • It can cause mild to severe illnesses, and at times death in elderly, young children, those with immunosuppressed systems, and those with chronic diseases

  4. The most common complication is pneumonia. • It can also lead to Myositis, exacerbation (severity) of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), Reye’s Syndrome, Myocarditis, Pericarditis, Transverse myelitis, and Encephalitis.

  5. Influenza Symptoms • High fever • Headache • Tiredness • Cough • Sore throat • Runny or stuffy nose • Body aches • Diarrhea and vomiting (more common among children than adults) Symptoms begin 1 to 4 days after being exposed to the virus.

  6. Population Statistics • On average, approximately 5% to 20% of U.S. residents get the flu. • More than 200,000 persons are hospitalized for flu-related complications each year. • About 36,000 Americans die on average per year from the complications of flu.

  7. TREATMENT • THERE IS A VACCINE FOR THE INLUENZA WHICH IS CALLED INLUENZA VACCINE. IT IS A DEAD INLUENZA VIRUS THAT PRATICALLY IS ADMINISTERED IN THE BODY BY INJECTING IT INTO THE MUSCLES IN ORDER TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES. • SINCE IT IS A ANTIBODIE THERE HAS TO BE A NEW VACCINE CREATED IN ORDER TO WORK ANUALLY, OTHERWISE IT WILL NOT WORK AT ALL.

  8. ANOTHER TREATMENT IS THE NASAL SPRAY, IT DIFFERS FROM THE VACCINE IN THAT THE NASAL SPRAY HAS A WEAK VIRUS, IT CAUSES LESS SEVERE SYMPTOMS. • THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE VACCINE IS 70%-90%. • THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NASAL SPRAY TREATMENT IS 48%.

  9. How does it work? Typically influenza is transmitted from: • Infected mammals through the air by coughs • Sneezes • creating aerosols containing the virus • from infected birds through their droppings. • saliva • nasal secretions • feces and blood. Infections also occur through contact with these body fluids or with contaminated surfaces. Flu viruses can remain infectious for about one week at human body temperature, over 30 days at 0 °C (32 °F), and for much longer periods at very low temperatures.

  10. Description from Scheme of Influenza A virus replication (NCBI): "A virion attaches to the host cell membrane via HA and enters the cytoplasm by receptor-mediated endocytosis

  11. (STEP 1), thereby forming an endosome. A cellular trypsin-like enzyme cleaves HA into products HA1 and HA2 (not shown). HA2 promotes fusion of the virus envelope and the endosome membranes. A minor virus envelope protein M2 acts as a ion channel thereby making the inside of the virion more acidic. As a result, the major envelope protein M1 dissociates from the nucleocapsid and vRNPs are translocated into the nucleus • (STEP 2) via interaction between NP and cellular transport machinery. In the nucleus, the viral polymerase complexes transcribe • (STEP 3a) and replicate • (STEP 3b) the vRNAs. Newly synthesized mRNAs migrate to cytoplasm • (STEP 4) where they are translated. Posttranslational processing of HA, NA, and M2 includes transportation via Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane

  12. (STEP 5b). NP, M1, NS1 (nonstructural regulatory protein - not shown) and NEP (nuclear export protein, a minor virion component - not shown) move to the nucleus • (STEP 5a) where bind freshly synthesized copies of vRNAs. The newly formed nucleocapsids migrate into the cytoplasm in a NEP-dependent process and eventually interact via M1 with a region of the cell membrane where HA, NA and M2 have been inserted • (STEP 6). Then the newly synthesized virions bud from infected cell • (STEP 7). NA destroys the sialic acid moiety of cellular receptors, thereby releasing the progeny virions."

  13. Bibliography Slides 1-4: http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/251/main.html http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/index.htm http://rkm.com.au

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