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1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900 Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts. Street battles in Paris, July 1830, helped end Bourbon Restoration and established July Monarchy of King Louis Philippe. Oil, Victor Schnetz. NEXT

2. Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900 Latin American Peoples Win Independence SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Europe Faces Revolutions CASE STUDY: Nationalism SECTION 3 Revolutions in the Arts SECTION 4 Chart Map NEXT

3. Section 1 Latin American PeoplesWin Independence Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Latin American PeoplesWin Independence Colonial Society Divided A Race and Class System •Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and authority: •Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial government, society •Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army officers •Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry (7%) •Mulattos—Have both European and African ancestry (8%) • Slaves (Africans 6%), Indians (56%) are at the bottom of society NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Revolutions in the Americas (Encouraged Latin Americans to try to gain freedom from European Masters) Revolution in Haiti •Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom •Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against French (August 1791) 1801 Toussaint takes control & frees all slaves 1802 French agree to end slavery •Toussaint is accused of planning another uprising, is arrested and eventually dies in French prison (Alps) in 1803 Haiti’s Independence •Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue a country in 1804 •Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence •Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language Image NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Creoles Lead Independence • The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • •Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American • revolutionaries • Napoleon’s conquest of Spain triggered revolts • Creoles may have supported a Spanish King, but had no loyalty to Napoleon’s brother • Used Locke’s idea of consent of the governed (power shifted to people when king was removed) Map Image Creole Leaders •Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution •José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces Continued . . . NEXT

7. SECTION 1 continued Creoles Lead Independence • Bolívar’s Route to Victory • •Venezuela declares independence in 1811; • Bolívar wins war by 1821 • Bolivar marches into Ecuador where he met Jose de San Martin • San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces • •Argentina independent in 1816 • San Martín helps free Chile (1817) • •Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru • in 1824 • Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Mexico Ends Spanish Rule (Violent Revolution) • A Cry for Freedom • •Padre Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches • Mexican revolt (1810) • •80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on • Mexico City (uprising of lower class) • • Spanish army & Creole feared loss of property, control of land & lives (Army defeated Hidalgo) • José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s • defeat, but loses Image Mexico’s Independence •Mexican creoles react; Iturbide (defeated Morelos 1815) declares Mexico independent (1821) •In 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico (Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, & Costa Rica) NEXT

9. SECTION 1 Brazil’s Royal Liberator A Bloodless Revolution •Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family (King John VI) moves to Brazil (1807) •Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat (1815) •Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil - accepts Brazilians’ request to rule their new country - officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822) •By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence Interactive NEXT

10. Section 2 Europe Faces Revolutions Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe. NEXT

11. SECTION 2 Europe Faces Revolutions Clash of Philosophies Three Philosophies •In early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe •Conservative—wealthy landowners, nobility wanted to protect traditional monarchies of Europe •Liberal—wealthy merchants, business owners wanted more power for elected parliaments but only the educated and landowners would vote (limited democracy) •Radical—favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people want everyone to have a vote Believed government should practice ideals of French Revolution—in liberty, equality, and brotherhood; NEXT

12. SECTION 2 Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States •Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with common culture and history not to a king/empire •Nation-state—nation with its own independent government (defends the nation’s territory, way of life, and represents the nation to the rest of the world) •In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation-states •Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not NEXT

13. SECTION 2 Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence •Balkans—region of Europe controlled by Ottomans in early 1800s •Greece gets European help (British, French, & Russians) to gain independence from Turks(1830) 1830s Uprisings Crushed •Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts •By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite •Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire •Liberals hold power for short time, lose to conservatives by 1849 NEXT

14. SECTION 2 Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat •In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy & flees to Great Britain (replaced by Louis-Philippe) The Third Republic •In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up republic •Radicals split by infighting; moderates control new government •1848 constitution calls for a strong president and parliament elected by the people Image France Accepts a Strong Ruler •Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—elected president (Dec. 1848) •Later takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III, promotes industrialization and France experiences prosperity NEXT

15. SECTION 2 Reform in Russia Serfdom in Russia •Czars fail to free serfs because they fear losing landowners’ support Defeat Brings Change •Russia’s lack of industrialization/transportation leads to military defeat in Crimean War (lost to France, G.B., & Ottomans) •Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes Reform and Reaction •In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt to pay for land keeps them on the same land •Reform halts when Alexander II is assassinated by terrorists in 1881 •Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization and tightened czarist control NEXT

16. Section 3 Nationalism CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe. NEXT

17. SECTION 3 Nationalism CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity Two Views of Nationalism •Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation- states •Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects - Three different types of nationalist movements: - unification merges politically divided but culturally similar lands - separation splits off culturally distinct groups - state-building binds separate cultures into one NEXT

18. SECTION 3 Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires (mixture of ethnic groups) The Breakup of the Austrian Empire •Austria includes people from many ethnic groups •1866 Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-Prussian War Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria splits empire into Austria and Hungary -still ruled by emperor (called Austria-Hungary) Map The Russian Empire Crumbles •After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over empire (Controls: Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Armenians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, & Turks) •Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture - policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism Continued . . . NEXT

19. SECTION 3 continued Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • The Ottoman Empire Weakens • •Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens • empire (Control: Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians) • • 1856 under pressure from France & Britain rulers grant equal citizenship to all groups, under their rule outraging Turks • Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI NEXT

20. SECTION 3 Cavour (Nationalism) Unites Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification •Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 •Gets French help to win control of Austrian- controlled Italian land Interactive Garibaldi Brings Unity •Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy (gets help from Cavour) •Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia •Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia (King Victor Emmanuel II) to rule •Control of Venetia (Venice), Papal States (Rome) finally unites Italy (Pope still governs Vatican City) NEXT

21. SECTION 3 Bismarck Unites Germany • Prussia Leads German Unification • •Prussia has advantages that help it unify • Germany: • - mainly German population • - powerful army • - creation of liberal constitution • Nationalism unites Prussia Continued . . . NEXT

22. SECTION 3 continued Bismarck Unites Germany Bismarck Takes Control •Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners— support Prussian Wilhelm I •Junkerrealpolitik masterOtto von Bismarck becomes prime minister •Realpolitik—”politics of reality” power politics without room for idealism •Bismarck defies Prussian parliament Image Prussia Expands •Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces •Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia Continued . . . NEXT

23. SECTION 3 continued Bismarck Unites Germany Seven Weeks’ War (Prussia defeats Austria) •Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war •Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany •Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time • The Franco-Prussian War • •Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all • Germans • •Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united • Germany—at Versailles • •Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian • dominance • Germans called Empire the Second Reich Interactive NEXT

24. SECTION 3 A Shift in Power • Balance Is Lost • •In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five • powers in Europe: (equal in power) • - Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia • •By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) • have gained much power • •Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and • economically • France was in the middle NEXT

25. Section 4 Revolutions in the Arts Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s. NEXT

26. SECTION 4 Revolutions in the Arts The Romantic Movement The Ideas of Romanticism •Romanticism—interest in nature; preferring emotion, individuality •Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism Image Romanticism in Literature •Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited to romanticism •Many British romantic poets believe nature is the source of beauty •Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist •A leading French romanticist writer is Victor Hugo Continued . . . NEXT

27. SECTION 4 continued The Romantic Movement The Gothic Novel •Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval castles become popular •One of the earliest and most successful is Frankenstein Composers Emphasize Emotion •Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music •Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from Enlightenment to romanticism • Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes NEXT

28. SECTION 4 The Shift to Realism in the Arts Realism •Realism—art style attempting to depict life accurately •Paintings and novels in this style show the working class Photographers Capture Reality •Daguerreotypes, earliest photographs, are surprisingly real •William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of a photograph Image Writers Study Society •Charles Dickens and Honoré de Balzac write about society, class •Some realist literature sparks reforms in working conditions NEXT

29. SECTION 4 Impressionists React Against Realism A New Movement •Impressionism—art style that tries to capture precise points in time Life in the Moment •Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of rising middle class •Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also leading impressionists •Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures Image NEXT

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