State-building, expansion and conflict

1. State-building, expansion and conflict • Political structures and forms of governance • Empires • Nations and nationalism • Revolts and revolutions • Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations

4. http://www.kingherrud.com/uploads/3/7/5/9/37597419/ap_world_history_crash_course.pdfhttp://www.kingherrud.com/uploads/3/7/5/9/37597419/ap_world_history_crash_course.pdf

21. With the development of farming and cities, political organization became much more complex. Why?

22. FOUNDATIONS Hunter-Gatherers and Pastoral nomads have limited political structure.

23. Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized. They developed bureaucracies, dynasties, and used religion to justify the position of the rulers.

24. Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large. They had to invent new ways to keep their land together. How did the classical empires accomplish this?

25. Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected from the military. Later, an empire with focus on military conquest, colonization, and law codes. The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not the rule by the whim of the emperor. China: Mandate of Heaven, the emperor was the Sun of Heaven housed in the Forbidden City. Yellow Turban Revolt

26. INDIA What causes regionalism? Mauryan and Gupta gain power through the military. The greatest of the Mauryan kings was? Why?

27. Africa is the anomaly Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based societies and others developed stateless societies which were • centralized. • decentralized. How do you know?

28. Post-Classical World600-1450

29. WEST AFRICA • Ghana and Mali • Became rich by taxing traders • Powerful military (see a pattern here?) • Mali first major leader Sundiata and later Mansa Musa

30. Islamic Empires • After Muhammad’s death, the government set up rule by a Caliph. • Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by well-trained armies • Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian and Byzantine empires

31. Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________? “Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it? Mongols Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relative with one main ruler known as the Great Khan.

32. Equal–field system Strong support for transportation and communication Meritocracy Religion played a role Took tribute from their neighbors Hegemony over neighbors Expanded meritocracy Didn’t emphasize the military as much so not as much hegemony Trade, communication and transportation still important TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

33. YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collection led to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to their downfall.

34. Who really had the power in Japan? What do these names have in common? Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?

35. European Feudalism established political and military relationships.

36. Eastern Europe Byzantium Justinian law codes the biggest legacy. The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the church as well. Russia Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a state by the 10thc. in Kiev.

37. THE AMERICAS • Maya: city-states w/ no central govt. • Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan who didn’t have absolute power; a council of aristocrats made many decisions; no elaborate bureaucracy • Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the Inca owned all of the land; elaborate bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s power; quipu kept records

38. 1450-1750 Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance. Major maritime powers were? Major Gunpowder Empires were?

39. The Ming defeat the Yuan. Establish trade and bureaucracy again! Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again! Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again! Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucrats were xenophobic. Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the Forbidden City….again! Invaded by outsiders…again! Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify… again!

40. WESTERN EUROPE The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas! Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized by taking on absolutism. In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings! Later, so do France and England.

41. Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights of the nobility and created Parliament. King Henry VIII Church and takes over the monasteries separates from the Catholic church. Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish Armada. England After the English Civil War the power of the king is limited by the….of 1688 It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowed wealthier merchants to participate in the government

42. Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!” I AM THE STATE! Absolutely! Kings were not gods, but they were His lieutenants on earth. He greatly weakened the power of the nobles and the feudal system. FRANCE

43. Russia and Peter the Great Wanted to westernize Reformed military and created the navy Reorganized bureaucracy/took titles away from nobles Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent (sultan) Used captured Christian boys as skilled soldiers and bureaucrats-Janissaries Grand Vizier Absolutists

44. 1750-1914: European Hegemony! The Balance of Power shifted after centuries of domination from Asia! Absolutism vs. Enlightenment New Economic and Social Ideas=Democracy

45. 1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe, Muslim Empires and China were absolutist. They held on to their power claiming Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of Heaven (China) What Changed and Why?

46. 21st century more internationally based due to internet and unprecedented globalization Multi national corporations Greenpeace and Green Movements Amnesty International Human Rights Watch

47. Ideologies and Revolutions Black Nationalist Movements Feminist Movements Iranian Revolution: Ayatollah Khomeini

48. Gorbachev w/ Louis Vuitton Bag

49. Ideologies and Revolutions • Communism: Russia=Lenin; China= Mao Zedong • Fascism: developed in Italy=Mussolini; Hitler=Germany takes it and makes Nazism • Stalinism: collectivization of agriculture little resemblance to Marxism USSR and Gorbachev: Perestroika=eco. reforms; Glasnost=more openness loosened censorship China: Mao, Great Leap Forward (not); Cultural Revolution; Deng Xiaoping institutes socialist market economy or market Socialism; Tiananmen Square

50. Latin America: Mexico nationalist movement with the revolution of 1910, new Constitution 1917, accept idea of being Mexican (Villa and Zapata) The rest of Latin America becomes controlled by *authoritarian regimes with violent repression; many inspired by communism after WWII Brazil= Vargas Argentina=Peron Cuba=Castro Chile=Pinochet *Caudillos, Juntas, Oligarchical rule