State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

1. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion Key Concept 4.3

2. Outline • Existing Governments Maintaining and Increasing Power • China • Russia • Expansion • Modernization and Westernization • Western Europe (Spain, England, France, and Holland) • Similarities and differences • European governments • The Enlightenment • The Ottoman Empire • New Governments in Asia and Europe • Tokugawa Japan • Mughal India • The Netherlands • The Collapse of Empires • Aztec • Inca • Byzantine

3. China • The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) expelled the Mongols under Zhu Yuanzhang. • Scholar-gentry restored • Civil service exam reinstated and expanded • Corrupt/incompetent public officials beaten publicly • Censorship of documents sanctioned by gov’t • Increase of Neo-Confucianism influence • Patriarchal society • Jesuits entered in the 16th century • Incompetence in the last 200 years led to overthrow by the Manchus, who established the Qing dynasty

4. China • Qing Dynasty • Continued some Chinese traditions in society and government • Queu required to distinguish between Chinese and Manchu • Concerned with Russian and Mongol expansion • Control over large tracts of land led to gap between rural peasants and rural gentry • Relied primarily on regional trade

5. Russia • Mongols were expelled in 1480 and had lasting negative economic effects. • Tsars Ivan III (The Great) and Ivan IV (The Terrible) expanded Russia to eastern Polish border, into western Siberia across Ural Mountains. • Continued expansion into 18th century • Cossacks sent into new territories, greatly changed cultural make-up • Similarities to China • Boyars elected Mikhail Romanov as Russia’s new tsar in 1613 • Russian factors established agencies in Moscow and St. Petersburg

6. Russian Czars Peter the Great, 1689-1725 Catherine the Great, 1729-1796 Continued expansionist and westernization policies Brought ideas of the Enlightenment to Russia Reduced severe punishments for crimes Encourages Western art and architecture Proclaimed Russia to be a European nation Invited foreigners to settle in Russia Added new territory Crimea, Alaska, and northern California • Opened country to Western influence • Results from war with Sweden • St. Petersburg new capital • ‘Westernization’

7. Continuities in Russia • Serfdom • Neither Peter or Catherine took steps to end serfdom • Never allowed constitution or parliamentary power

8. Western Europe • Spain, England, France, and Holland • Sea empires • Mercantile system • Ports all over the world • Regions outside global network

9. European Governments • Characteristics of European monarchs: • Maintenance of strong armies • Establishment of elaborate bureaucracies • High taxes to support the frequent wars in Europe • Believed in the concept of divine right • Absolute monarchies developed across Europe • France and Louis XIV • England and the parliamentary monarchy • The Glorious Revolution • Governments in Europe developed around nation-state • Governs ppl who share a common culture and language • Definite geographic boundaries • Enjoys sovreignty • Governed by absolute or parliamentary monarchs. • Created rivalries and divisions that led to war.

10. The Enlightenment • Roots in the Scientific Revolution • Using reason to improve society • Began with the philosophes in France, spread across Europe • Deism and natural law • John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and the social contract • Governments derive their power from the governed • Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations and laissez-faire economics

11. Actually came to power in 1243, but rose to its peak power during this time period. • Named after leader, Osman Bey • Established empire centered around Anatolia • Focused on military • No required conversions, but did require young boys of conquered areas to become soldiers—known as janissaries—and the recruitment system known as devshirme • Added the Balkans and the rest of the Byzantine Empire in the fourteenth century • Changed Constantinople to Istanbul, converted Hagia Sophia into mosque • United the Arab world by adding Syria, Egypt, and the rest of North Africa • Women in Ottoman society were subordinate to fathers and husbands • Very little opportunity for education • Restricted by wearing veil and seclusion within harem The Ottoman Empire

12. Decline of the Ottomans • Military defeats • Attempted to conquer Vienna, Austria in 1529 and then again in 1688 but failed • They were a major naval power until they suffered a defeat by a combined Venetian and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 • Empire so vast it was hard to govern; struggled with their identity • Taxes raised due to corruption • Inflation that was affecting other European countries also impacted the Ottomans • Warfare technology not as effective anymore • European concern for the fate of Christianity and trade through Constantinople contributed to downfall

13. Tokugawa Japan • Europeans took advantage of Japan’s feudal system and lack of strong central government in the mid-sixteenth century • Missionaries and merchants • 1603, Tokugawa family member became shogun • Ruled from Edo, brought semblance of central authority • Thought Christianity a threat • Foreign trade only allowed in a few cities • Developed Dutch learning system • Ports remained closed until mid-nineteenth century

14. Mughal India • Founded by Babur, descendant of Mongols and Turks in 1528 • Akbar ruled from 1560-1605 • Brought more of northern and central India under his control, established a bureaucracy, patronized the arts, encouraged Hindu-Muslim cooperation • Treatment of women improved: widows could remarry, sati outlawed, market days for people of purdah • Art was a blend of Muslim style and other societies • TajMahal constructed by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, MumtazMahal • Warfare and defense costs contributed to decline • Muslim and Hindu conflict arose again • The British arrived in the next era and established rule over South Asia

15. The Netherlands • Pro-business: • Encouraged bank loans, new commercial enterprises, and shipping with little government interference • Sent warships and soldiers under Dutch East India Company to Portuguese outposts in Indian Ocean • Dominated trade with the “Spice Islands” of present-day Indonesia • Some sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean • Sent colonists to North America • In 1660s, the British took New Amsterdam and renamed it New York

16. Collapse of Empires