BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 3 PAGES 151-155, 786-805

1. BIOLOGY NOTESGENETICS PART 3PAGES 151-155, 786-805

2. Standard: 4.16 ____ Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.

3. Essential Questions: How does the fetus develop from fertilization to birth? 1.

4. I. Reproductive Systems In order for a species to continue, reproduction of new individuals must occur. Each individual begins as a single ____ and continues to grow through the process of _______ until enough cells have been created to sustain life in the outside world. • Reproductive System = a collection of specialized _______, glands and _______ that help to produce a new _________ being cell mitosis organs tissues individual

6. puberty • In humans, reproductive organs are not fully functional until ________ • puberty = a period of rapid _______ and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully __________ growth functional

7. sperm A. The Male Reproductive System • The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver _______ • The testes are the male reproductive organ responsible for the production of _______ and stored in the ________ outside of the body • the hormones _____ and ____ stimulate the testes to produce ______ sperm scrotum FSH LH sperm

9. 3° formation • The testes are outside of body because it is about ___ cooler which sperm require for proper __________ • Seminiferous ________ inside the testes actually make the sperm • For sperm to exit the organism, it must move into the ___________, through the ____ deferens and out of the ______ • There are approximately _____ million sperm per drop in semen tubules vas epididymis penis 2.5

10. ova embryo B. The Female Reproductive System • The main function of the female reproductive system is to produce ____ (egg) AND provide a nourishing environment for an ________ • Unlike males who produce _______ continuously throughout their lifetime, females only produce one mature ____ or egg each _______ (about every ___ days) sperm ova month 28

12. ovary follicles • Eggs are stored in the ______ or the female reproductive organ • Each egg has clusters of ________ attached to it which help the egg become _______ before leaving the ______ • ovulation = the release of a mature egg from the ______ mature ovary ovary

14. uterus fallopian fertilized • For eggs to exit the ovary, it must move into the _________ tube and into the______ cavity • if the egg is _________ then it will implant in the _______ and an embryo will form • if the egg is NOT ________ then it will exit the _______ through the ______ and out of the vagina uterus fertilized uterus cervix

16. fallopian tube uterus 5 to 7 days to uterus follicle ovary egg cell egg released uterine wall corpus luteum

17. environment uterus • Remember, the function of the female reproductive system is NOT just to make eggs but to also provide a nourishing ____________ which comes from the _______ • every time an egg is released, the uterus prepares for an implanted ________ • if the egg is not fertilized, then the lining of the uterus will ______ and exit with the unfertilized egg through the _______ and out of the vagina embryo shed cervix

18. cycle eggs uterus exits • Menstruation = the phase of the menstrual ______ in which unfertilized _____ and the lining of the ________ actually _____ the female body

19. fertilized fallopian C. Stages of Pregnancy • Eggs usually become _________ by sperm in the _________ tubes • Zygote = a fertilized _____ egg

20. mitosis 4 • as soon as the zygote is formed, it undergoes _________ which increases the number of cells • about __ days after the formation of the zygote, the embryo is approximately ___ cells large and called a ________ • the ___________ is what implants or embeds itself in the wall of the _______ • from here the embryo will continue to grow in _____ and the cells will ____________ or become specialized until the fetus is born (this takes approximately __ months in humans) 64 morula blastocyst uterus differentiate size 9

23. nervous 1. FIRST TRIMESTER (WEEKS 1-13) • neurulation= the beginning development of the _________ system • the placenta forms • placenta= the connection between a _______ and a developing ________ through which nutrients and _______ are passed (through the process of _________!!!!) mother embryo wastes diffusion

24. noticeable 8 • eye formation, jaws, arms, legs, fingers, hands, toes become __________ • fetus= name of embryo at week __ of pregnancy • umbilical cord ______ from placenta to ________ • by week ___, the baby has all the major ______ systems partially developed • fetal heartbeat develops forms mother 11 organ

27. skeleton 2. SECOND TRIMESTER (WEEKS 14-27) • bone formation begins and early _________ develops • hair covers the ______ • the fetus begins ___________ that can be felt by the ________ • hearing is well __________ and there is evident rapid ____ movement fetus movement mother developed eye

29. mature doubles 3. THIRD TRIMESTER (WEEKS 28-40) • organ systems _______ and the fetus ________ in mass • regulation of body ___________ is now possible • the central nervous system and lungs complete their development • the fetus moves into head down into the ______ and awaits birth temperature pelvis

31. forms functions II. Cell Differentiation = the process by which unspecialized cells develop into mature ______ and __________ • The function of a cell will be determined by its ________ within an embryo • once a cell’s function is determined, the cell will only use parts of the _____ needed to help with that particular function location DNA

32. undifferentiated • Stem cells = a cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining _______________ • stem cells are classified according to which _____ of cell they can become: a. totipotent stem cell = a type of stem cell which can become ____ type of cell e.g. type any fertilized egg

33. any b. pluripotent stem cell = a type of stem cell which can become ____ type of cell EXCEPT a totipotent stem cell e.g. c. multipotent stem cell =a type of stem cell that can only grow into _______ related cells e.g. embryonic stem cell closely adult stem cell

35. First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients. Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain molecules.