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Chapter 1.5

Chapter 1.5. History of Computing Devices. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems. Summary. Early history of computing devices

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Chapter 1.5

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  1. Chapter 1.5 History of Computing Devices

  2. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  3. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  4. Chinese Abacus

  5. Blaise Pascal

  6. Charles Babbage (1840)

  7. 1890 Census & Herman Hollerith

  8. 1890 Census & Herman Hollerith

  9. Herman Hollerith founder of Computing, Tabulating and Recording Company International Business Machines (1924) Industry leader in electromechanical data handling Competition: Sperry Rand Corporation Bull Punched Cards Data Processing1890 - 1960

  10. In Europe : Alan TURING : COLLOSSUS In the USA : John V. Atanasoff & Clifford Berry J.Presper Eckert & John W.Mauchly : ENIAC John Von Neumann : EDVAC Early Electronic Data Processing1935-1950

  11. Alan TURING

  12. The Enigma

  13. Alan Turing @ Bletchley Park

  14. John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry

  15. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer

  16. Moore School of Electrical Engineering First large scale electronic calculator Build between 1943 and 1946 Complexity : 18 000 radio valves Electrical power : 65 000 Watt Mean time between failure : 6.5 Hours Capabilities : those of a pocket calculator... Eckert & Mauchly : ENIAC

  17. J.Presper ECKERT

  18. John W. MAUCHLEY

  19. Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann

  20. John Von Neumann signs the EDVAC project publishes paper setting the foundations of modern computers Eckert & Mauchly get patents on ENIAC design found a company to build commercial computers : UNIVAC Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann

  21. The Honeywell vs. Sperry-Univac Lawsuit1968-1973 “Eckert and Mauchly” “did not themselves first invent” “the automatic electronic digital computer,” “but instead derived that subject matter” “from one Dr.John Vincent Atanasoff.” Judge LARSON October 19, 1973

  22. John Vincent Atanasoff The”legal” inventor of the digital computer

  23. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  24. Control Unit & ALU : Vacuum tubes Central memory : inadequate technologies Mercury delay lines : slow and error prone Manchester storage tubes : low capacity Capacity : a few kilobytes Access time : tens of microseconds Software : mainly scientific calculations Cost of hardware >> cost of programmers Programs written in machine language by scientists. Main concern : efficient use of small memory First Generation Systems1948-1958

  25. First generation ALU module

  26. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  27. Bardeen, Bratten & Shockley Invent the transistor at Bell Labs in 1948 and receive the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955

  28. The first Transistor Revolutionary replacement for electronic vacuum valves

  29. 1024 bit (128 bytes) 2 S Ferrite Memory Fast, low cost technology for central memories

  30. Control Unit & ALU : Transistors Central memory : Ferrite cores Spectacular improvement of price/performance Much larger systems become affordable Software : Both scientific and administrative applications Programmer productivity becomes important. High level programming languages Scientific applications : FORTRAN Business oriented applications : COBOL Second Generation Systems1955-1965

  31. First Scientific SupercomputerThe IBM 7030 “Stretch”

  32. Grace Hopper (US Navy) Promoter of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

  33. John Backus (IBM) Designer of FORTRAN (FORMULA TRANSLATOR)

  34. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  35. The First Integrated Circuit

  36. Integrated circuits Several orders of magnitude improvement of price/performance ratio for electronic equipment

  37. Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits Central memory : Ferrite cores Enormous improvement of price/performance Very large systems become affordable Software : Multiprogramming to keep systems busy Second generation software technology appears inadequate for such large and complex systems. Operating systems and application programs hard or even impossible to debug. THE SOFTWARE CRISIS !!! Third Generation Computers1965-1973

  38. New powerful computers:The IBM 360 series

  39. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  40. The Cost of Software

  41. Facts: Software development is usually much more expensive than the computer to run the software. 75% of software cost result from testing and making small changes. Logical conclusions: Except when hardware cost is dominant, Software should be designed to be easily tested and modified rather than to be small or fast. Software should be simple and clearly written Software Engineering

  42. Structured programming New programming languages : Pascal : initially for teaching structured programming Ada : derived from Pascal, for reliable software C : kind of high-level assembly language, initially intended for systems programming Extensions to existing languages : Structured FORTRAN Structured COBOL New operating system : UNIX Simple, well structured multiprogramming system written in C. Third Generation Software1970-1990

  43. Niklaus Wirth One of the founders of Software Engineering, and designer of new programming languages to support and teach software engineering: Pascal, Modula, Oberon

  44. Ken Thomson With Denis Ritchie designed UNIX, to support advanced text processing at the patent office of Bell Labs

  45. Early history of computing devices Commercial developments First generation systems Second generation systems Third generation hardware Third generation software Fourth generation systems Summary

  46. Progress in integrated circuits manufacturing Number of components doubles every 18 months Smaller components result in higher speed Price/performance doubles in less than 18 months Technology milestones 1971: the first microprocessor = an entire CPU in one VLSI circuit. 1970: integrated circuit memories become cheaper than ferrite memories. VLSI Technology(Very Large Scale Integration)

  47. The founders of INTEL Andy Grove Robert Noyce Gordon Moore

  48. VLSI memory chips

  49. Ted Van t’Hoff Designer of the first microprocessor at INTEL

  50. The First Microprocessor Prophetic advertisement published in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics

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