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19th Century Imperialism: Asia

This text explores the impact of British imperialism in India, including the strengths and weaknesses of the British East India Company, the positive and negative consequences of colonization, the Sepoy Rebellion, and the rise of nationalism. It also discusses China's interactions with the West, including the Opium War and foreign influence.

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19th Century Imperialism: Asia

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  1. 19th Century Imperialism: Asia

  2. India: Jewel in the Crown

  3. India: Jewel in the Crown • 1750’s Mughal Empire weakens and British East India Company defeatsIndian troops • British East India Company rules India until 1858

  4. India: Jewel in the Crown • Company has its own army led by British officers • Army is staffed by sepoys: Indian soldiers

  5. Discussion Question: • Why might this be a problem for the British?

  6. India: Jewel in the Crown • Why is India Britain’s most valuable colony (the brightest jewel in the crown!)? • Raw materials • New markets • Human resources; 300 million people!

  7. India: Jewel in the Crown • Indians forced to produce raw materials for British; • Forced to buy British goods • Indian competition with British goods was prohibited

  8. Positive Impact of Colonization: • Modernization! • World’s 3rd largest railroad, modern road network, telegraph and telephone lines, dams, bridges, irrigation canals

  9. Positive Impact of Colonization: • Sanitation and public health improved • Schools and colleges were founded (but English language & Western customs taught) • Literacy rates increased

  10. Negative Impact of Colonization: • British held political and economic power • Restricted Indian-owned industries • Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency & famine

  11. Negative Impact of Colonization • Indian culture disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes • Indians treated as 2nd class citizens

  12. Negative Impact of Colonization • “It is the consciousness of the inherent superiority of the European which has won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may prove himself, I believe that no rank we can bestow on him would cause him to be considered an equal of the British officer.” • --Lord Kitchener

  13. Discussion Question: • Have you ever had anyone who disrespected your culture in some way? (your religion, language, beliefs, etc) • What did they do and how did you react?

  14. The Sepoy Rebellion • Cultural Conflict: • New rifle cartridges being used by the Sepoys were made of animal fat • To use the cartridges the soldiers had to bite off both ends – OUTRAGE! Why?

  15. The Sepoy Rebellion

  16. The Sepoy Rebellion • The Sepoys refused & rebelled against the British • British eventually put down rebellion

  17. The Sepoy Rebellion • In 1858 India was placed under the direct control of the British government

  18. The Sepoy Rebellion • Queen Victoria of England was given title “Empress of India”

  19. Nationalism Rises • In 1800’s nationalist movement begins • Indians resent being 2nd class citizens in their own country • Indian National Congress forms; calls forself-government • But independence won’t happen until 1947!

  20. China: Another Jewel

  21. Discussion Question: • Have you ever wanted to trade someone for something they had that you wanted…but they didn’t want anything you had to offer them? • What did you do?

  22. China & the West • In the late 18th century, China is ruled by an emperor under the Qing Dynasty.

  23. China & the West • China has chosen isolation • No interaction with western powers • China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient

  24. The Tea-Opium Connection • China has little interest in trading with the West, but… • High demand for tea & silk in Great Britain at this time

  25. The Tea-Opium Connection • The Chinese DO NOT want to trade with GB, nor do they want manufactured goods from GB • Restrict trade with the British • Only allowed to use one Chinese port

  26. The Tea-Opium Connection • British were determined to find a product that the Chinese would buy in large quantities

  27. The Tea-Opium Connection • Product? • OPIUM! • Great Britain floods China with opium from India (Why India?) 1835 – 12 million Chinese addicted

  28. The Opium War • The Qing emperor demands the trade stop, but British refused • Results in The Opium War • GB crushed outdated Chinese forces

  29. The Opium War • NANKING TREATY OF 1842: • The Chinese were forced to: • Open new ports • Legalize the opium trade • Give Hong Kong to GB • Accept extraterritoriality

  30. The Opium War • Extraterritoriality: • British citizens living in China were not subject to Chinese laws or courts

  31. Foreign Influence Grows • China’s population booms from 1790-1850 • Hunger widespread • Sparks Taiping Rebellion!

  32. Foreign Influence Grows • Massive peasant army takes control over large areas of China • Eventually defeated by Qing troops and outside forces BUT…

  33. Foreign Influence Grows • Other countries took advantage of internal unrest and attacked • Through treaties, European countries & Japan gain a sphere of influence in China

  34. Foreign Influence Grows • US feared China would be colonized by Europeans • Encouraged the adoption of the Open Door Policy

  35. Foreign Influence Grows • Open Door Policy: • All countries were given equal access to trade in all regions of China • Led to increasing unrest among the Chinese

  36. Foreign Influence Grows • Another rebellion! • Boxer Rebellion: Campaign against imperial rule and foreign privilege • Rebellion fails, but Chinese nationalism forces changes in China

  37. Japan: A Unique Story

  38. Discussion Question: • Have you ever been bullied by someone who threatened to do something to you if you didn’t do what they wanted? • What did you do?

  39. Japan: Victim • Japan closed to European influence since 1600s • Commodore Perry sent to Japan by U.S. President to demand trade rights • Gives ultimatum – will return in 1 year

  40. Japan: Victim • Japan forced to sign Treaty of Kanagawa • US gets open trade with Japan • Japanese are angry shogun gave in to foreigner’s demands

  41. Japan: Aggressor • Shogun replaced by a young emperor, Mutsuhito • Meiji Era – Meiji means “enlightened rule” • Japan decides to modernize to save culture!

  42. Japan: Aggressor • Studied & adopted Western ways, including industrialization • By 1890, Japan had a modern economy & was the strongest military power in Asia

  43. Japan: Aggressor • Wanted to expand their empire to show they were a powerful nation • Japan attacked China & Russia! • Takes Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, Manchuria & Korea

  44. Japan: Aggressor • 1910 Japan officially controlled Korea • Banned teaching of Korean • Koreans forced to take Japanese names • Farmers forced off lands; businesses handed over to Japanese

  45. Imperialism in Southeast Asia

  46. Europeans in SE Asia • Dutch ruled whole island chain of Indonesia, called the Dutch East Indies • British ruled in Burma (modern Myanmar) & Malaysia • French ruled directly in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, & Vietnam)

  47. The U.S. in SE Asia • Spanish rule in Philippines until U.S. wins Spanish-American War • U.S. promised to return Philippines to nationalists, but kept as a colony

  48. What does this Mean? • Tensions caused by the competition for colonies was one of the underlying causes of World War I

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