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UNLOCK THE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY

This article provides key insights into air pollution sources, the Clean Air Act, the role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and state air agencies in ensuring air quality. It also highlights the importance of transportation planning in meeting air quality standards.

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UNLOCK THE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY

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  1. UNLOCKTHE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY Bernadette Dupont, FHWA-KY June 2007

  2. 6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality • Pollution • Congress – Clean Air Act • Federal Air Agency (EPA) • State Air Agency (KYDAQ) • State Department of Transportation (KYTC) • Federal Funding Sources

  3. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTION 3 Sources • Stationary • Area • Mobile • On-Road • Off-Road

  4. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTION Stationary Sources Fixed facilities such as: Factories Power Plants Chemical Process Industries Petroleum Refineries

  5. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTIONArea Sources • Small Stationary, Non-transportation Sources such as: • Dry Cleaners • Bakeries • Surface Coating Operations • Home Furnaces • Crop Burning

  6. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTIONMobile Sources – On-Road • On-Road Vehicles such as: • Cars • Trucks • Buses

  7. 1st Key to Understanding:POLLUTIONMobile Source – Off-Road Trains Ships and Boats Airplanes Lawnmowers Construction Equipment Farm Equipment

  8. 2nd Key to Understanding: CONGRESS • CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA) 1990 • Identified actions necessary to REDUCE emissions from on-road sources • Transportation Conformity Rule 1993-Revised March, 2006

  9. 3rd Key to Understanding:ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • Sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) • Mandated to review NAAQS every 5 years

  10. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAPollution Standards: • Primary Standard • Public Health (children, elderly, asthmatics) • Secondary Standard • Public Welfare • Soils, Water, Crops,Vegetation • Buildings, Property • Animals, Wildlife • Weather, Visibility • Transportation

  11. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPANational Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Transportation Related Pollutants include: • Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Particulate Matter • PM 10 • PM 2.5 • Ground Level Ozone (becomes Smog) • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

  12. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA Particulate Matter

  13. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAFine Particles Reduce Visibility Chicago - Summer 2000.Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 µg/m3

  14. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAFine Particles Reduce Visibility Chicago - Summer 2000. Hazy Day : PM 2.5 = 35 µg/m3

  15. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAFine Particles Reduce Visibility Atlanta

  16. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA PM2.5 Designations • Boone • Boyd • Bullitt • Campbell • Jefferson • Kenton • Lawrence (p)

  17. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAOZONE Ingredients Sunlight +Heat +VOC + NOx = Ozone

  18. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAOZONE: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly • Good Ozone • ozone layer • screens out harmful • UV rays • Bad Ozone • smog/haze • harmful to elderly,children, people at risk • Ugly • designations

  19. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPAAir Quality Classifications • Attainment • Has NEVER violated the NAAQS • Non-Attainment • Is in violation of the NAAQS • Maintenance • Has violated the NAAQS BUT has once again attained the NAAQS • Has a maintenance plan

  20. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA8-hour Ozone Standard • 4th highest reading in an 8-hr period • Use three most recent years of data • Average those reading • Average > .084 ppm = violation of standard

  21. 3rd Key to Understanding: EPA 8-hr Ozone Designations • Boone • Boyd • Bullitt • Campbell • Christian • Jefferson • Kenton • Oldham

  22. 4th Key to Understanding:STATE AIR AGENCY • Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet’s Division for Air Quality (DAQ) • Develops State Implementation Plan (SIP) • Set Emission Budgets for each maintenance area

  23. 4th Key to Understanding: DAQState Implementation Plan (SIP) • States HOW the state will meet NAAQS for each pollutant • Performs a Regional Analysis on each county • Sets Emission Budgets for each type of pollutant • Each Pollution Source is assigned an emission reduction target

  24. 4th Key to Understanding: DAQExample Emission Budgets Pollution is measured in TONS PER DAY!!! Christian County

  25. 5th Key to Understanding:STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Responsible for: • Transportation Planning • Coordination of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) • Building Transportation Projects • NOT exceeding the On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets (MVEB)

  26. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCConformity Process • Clean Air Act (CAA) and SAFETEA-LU require: Non-Attainment and Maintenance Areasintegrate transportation and air quality planning. • Transportation Conformity Rule (8/15/97) • Transportation Conformity Rule Revision (7/1/04) • Transportation Conformity Rule Revision for PM2.5(5/6/05)

  27. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCConformity Process and NAAQS • Uses Key Documents to ensure that transportation projects meet air quality goals • An area that meets the requirements is in CONFORMITY • Projects can then be approved for federal funding

  28. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCMetropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) • Federal Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1973 • Populations > 50,000 must have an MPO • Populations > 200,000 are called Transportation Management Areas (TMA) • Consists of representatives from Local Governments and Transportation Authorities

  29. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCKentucky’s MPOs • Ashland Area MPO (ASH) • Bowling Green Area MPO (BWG) • Cincinnati Area MPO (CIN) • Clarksville Area MPO (CLK) • Evansville Area MPO (EVN) • Lexington Area MPO (LEX) • Louisville Area MPO (LOU) • Owensboro Area MPO (OWN) • Radcliffe/Elizabethtown MPO (REZ)

  30. Metropolitan Planning Organizations

  31. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCMPO’s Core Functions • Establish a fair and impartial setting to make regional decisions • Evaluate transportation alternatives • Involve the Public • Participate in Air Quality Planning • AND…

  32. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCMPO’s Core Functions • Develop and Update 4 Key Documents: • Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP) • Public Participation Plan (PPP) • Transportation Plan (TP) • Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

  33. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCImportance of Key Documents • TP • Future Goals, Strategies and Projects • Updated every 5 years in attainment areas/ every 4 years in non-attainment and maintenance • Projected Emissions must be less than those identified in SIP • Otherwise, there is a LAPSE and projects will not receive federal funding. • TIP • Transportation Investments • Updated every 4 years

  34. 5th Key to Understanding: KYTCRural Areas KYTC Develops the: • State Transportation Plan (STP) • State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) • Projected Emissions must be less than those identified in SIP • Otherwise, there is a LAPSE and projects are not receive Federal funding.

  35. Area Development Districts (ADDs)

  36. 6th Key to Understanding: FEDERAL FUNDING SOURCES • US Department of Transportation • Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) • Federal Transit Administration (FTA) • Flex Funding • EPA Programs • US Department of Energy • State Funding • Local Funding

  37. 6th Key to Understanding: FundingFEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA) • Provides financial assistance to State and MPO’s to help reduce mobile emissions • CMAQ

  38. 6th Key to Understanding: FundingCongestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) • FHWA Program started in 1991 • Funding for Non-attainment and Maintenance areas • Based on severity of Pollution and Population

  39. 6th Key to Understanding: FHWA CMAQ Projects FHWA funding is for projects that reduce congestion and/or improve air quality • Transit Improvements • Shared-Ride Services • Traffic Flow Improvements • Pedestrian and Bicycle Programs • Construction of High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes • Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs • Transportation Demand Strategies

  40. 6th Key to Understanding: FundingFEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION (FTA) Provides funding for: • Transit projects • Fixed Rail Transit • Rail Modernization • Buses and Bus Facilities • Other Public Transit Projects

  41. 6th Key to Understanding: FHWAFlex Funding • Surface Transportation Program (STP) in SAFETEA-LU • Transit • Transportation Demand Management • Other Strategies that reduce emissions

  42. CONCLUSION 6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality • Pollution • Congress • Federal Air Agency (EPA) • State Air Agency (KYDAQ) • State Department of Transportation (KYTC) • Federal Funding Sources • Transportation Conformity is Critical to receiving Transportation Funds

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