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Cellular Respiration

This article explores cellular respiration, the process by which all living things obtain energy. It covers the glycolytic pathways in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the mitochondrial structure and function, the fate of pyruvate, the TCA cycle, electron transport system, and alternative energy sources. It also discusses the importance of oxygen and the production of ATP through aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis. In addition, it covers the two types of fermentation and their products. The article concludes with a summary quiz on the topic.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration • All living things need energy • Energy in the form of… • Food=chemical energy • Cell energy=ATP

  2. Eukaryote vs Prokaryote Glycolytic pathways

  3. Prokaryotes • Lack mitochondria?? • Free enzymes break down glucose-ATP • 1 glucose=2 ATP • No O2 needed so… • ANAEROBIC • Some,however…???

  4. Where in the cell does gylcolysis occur? Fate of glucose in the beginning of gylcolysis? Explain “it takes energy to make energy”?? How much net ATP is made? What else is made? 2 types of fermentation? Cytoplasm Fructose (isomer) Invest 2 ATP get 4 Net= 2 ATP CO2 + NADH Lactate or alcohol Quiz-anaerobic gylcolysis

  5. Mitochondrial structure • Two compartments inner and outer • Inner=MATRIX • Lotsa folds=…why? • Outer=acid…why?

  6. The Mitochondria • Double membrane • Has it’s own DNA!! • Can reproduce in cell…! • Endosymbiont?? • Possible evolution?

  7. Possible evolution of mitochondria-endosymbiont

  8. The Fate of PYRUVATE • Taken into mitochondria • Broken down to ACETATE • CO2 produced • Binds to large protein Coenzyme A toproduce acetyl Coenzyme A

  9. The TCA or KREBS CYCLE • CO2 • NADH & FADH • 2 more ATP

  10. Krebs Cycle

  11. What are the reactants? What is produced? What do we mean by nonmembrane reactions? What is NADH? FADH? What is CoA and why is it important? Pyruvate (C3) 2 ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH Enzymes not embedded Energy carriers Escort molecule to Krebs cycle Quiz-Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)

  12. 3rd alternative pathway… • Mitochondria and • O2 needed • Uses NADH and FADH produced in previous reactions • To make more ATP • Lots more!!

  13. NADH FAHD

  14. What is NADH?? FADH?? • ENERGY CARRIER! • Same forFADH • Carrier to…?

  15. Electron Transport System • ETS (cytochrome chain) is a series of reduction/oxidation reactions • Enzymes embedded in mitochondrial membranes

  16. ETS--Chemiosmosis • RedOx reactions pump H+ out of matrix to… • Outer compartment • H+ = acid…aha!

  17. Chemiosmosis • H+ can only “fall” back into matrix thru • A special enzyme/protein complex • ATP SYNTHASE…guess what that makes?? • But…how much ATP??

  18. acid

  19. ATP synthase

  20. ETS makes how much ATP??

  21. glycolysis

  22. cytoplasm mitochondria

  23. Alternatives to carbos? • Fats (2X calories/gm) but produce ketones • Protein produces ammonia!! • We utilize some of each but in small amounts

  24. Why are virtually all living things aerobes?? • There’s lotsa O2 • Mitochondria • MORE ATP/glucose! • Protective enzymes (SOD, catalase, etc)

  25. Summary Quiz • What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?? Products? Equation? • List the three respiratory stages: • Where in the cell do each occur? • What are the products of each? • Why is oxygen needed? • How much ATP is produced by • Anaerobic gylcolysis? • Aerobic glycolysis? • List the 2 types of fermentation??

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