What is the Trail of Tears?

1. What is the Trail of Tears? Create a 3 Column t-chart (only 6 rows). Title each column Picture 1, Picture 2, Picture 3 As we view the 3 pictures, write down five observations you make about each.

5. Native Americans in the East • From the time of European settlements, Natives had three choices • 1. Live with the settlers and adapt their ways • 2. Fight against them and try to keep their land • 3. Be forced out of their home lands • In the 1820s, about 100,000 Native Americans remained in the East- largely the Southeastern states (Georgia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee)

6. Native American Removal • President Jackson felt the Natives had 2 choices 1. Assimilate to white culture 2. Move West • When the gold rushes hit in the southeast, Jackson asked Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act • American soldiers were sent to gather the Native Americans and force them west into what is today, Oklahoma

7. Trail of Tears • The Cherokees in Georgia tried to appeal to the Supreme Court and overturn the Indian Removal Act • In 1838, an estimated 16,000 Cherokee Natives were forcibly removed from their homes and made to march in the winter from Georgia to Oklahoma • Over 1/3 of the people died and were buried along the side of the trail

8. Brain Pophttps://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/ushistory/trailoftears/ • As we watch, answer these three questions 1. How did the “civilized” tribes assimilate to their white neighbors? 2. How did the Louisiana Purchase lead to the Native American removal? 3. Even though the Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokee’s favor, why didn’t they get to keep their land?

9. SOURCE STUDY On a new sheet in your notebook draw 4 boxes:

10. Source Study • You each will be given a different source about the Trail of Tears • Your assignment is to READ the source • Statistics • Experiences • How they felt/Mood • What happened?

11. Jigsaw • You will be assigned a group and you will share your findings with your group • In the boxes: • Statistics: # of people, # who died • What was their perspective of the Native American Removal? • What were the general feelings this person had about the removal?

12. What were the different perspectives? • Natives who were there • Soldiers who had to force the Natives out • Choctaw, Cherokee, and Creeks • Grandsons of a Chief

13. Wrap Up • The forced removal of Native Americans was an awful event in American History • Thousands lost their homes and land • 1/3 died • The relationship between the Natives and the US Government was busted

14. How did the image of the United States changed under James Monroe? • Monroe was elected as the 5th president • Era of Good Feelings: period of growing nationalism • Effected US national and foreign policies • Contributed to Americans’ feeling they were destined to expand west • However, The US faced many foreign relations problems • Increased foreign trade competition. • The US had strained relations with Spain over issues regarding slaves escaping to Florida and conflicts with the Native Americans • European powers were threatening South American nations that had recently won their independence from Spain and Portugal and the United States saw this as a threat

15. The Monroe Doctrine In response to these threats, President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823: • It would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America • The U.S. would consider any attempt to do so “dangerous to our peace and safety” • The Monroe Doctrine boosted the influence of the U.S. in the region • The Monroe Doctrine convinced Americans that their southern borders were safe from European expansion. Thus, it gave the Americans a new sense of confidence • Between the 1820s and 1830s, there was a boost in the democratic spirit • The Monroe Doctrine helped shape the U.S. foreign policy for more than 100 years

16. Under Monroe, the US population boomed… • The nation's population reached 10 million. • New states were being added almost every year and the issue of slavery increasingly divided the nation. • In 1819, the number of free and slave states was equal. • The application by Missouri for statehood as a slave state threatened to upset this balance.

17. The Missouri Compromise • The leaders of the northern free states claimed Congress had the right to prohibit slavery in Missouri as well as any other new states created west of the Mississippi River. • The southern slave states strongly resisted this notion. They feared that if the balance of power was shifted in favor of the free states, slavery might be made illegal and undermine the South's slave-based economy. • In 1820, Congressman Henry Clay of Kentucky helped enact a law called the Missouri Compromise, designed to appease both sides. • The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, but it banned slavery from the entire region north of the "Missouri Compromise Line" that corresponded to its southern boundary.

18. Activities • READ pgs. 356 – 359 in your textbook. • Answer the following questions in your notebook: • During the Convention of 1818, what was established? • What land did the US acquire through the Adams-Onis Treaty? • What is sectionalism? • What was the Missouri Compromise? Why was it important? • What was the main message of the Monroe Doctrine and toward whom was it directed? • Complete the vocabulary and timeline activities and turn in.

19. How did the United States fulfill its Manifest Destiny? WARM UP: Based on what we have studied so far in this unit, write a test question on a separate piece of paper and turn it in.

20. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the US’s belief that it was their destiny to move westward and expand the US to the Pacific Ocean • After the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark’s expedition, the US government was certain it was destined to control the land west to the Pacific Ocean • But much of the land was controlled by other countries • Texas-Mexico • California, New Mexico, Arizona- Mexico • Oregon/Washington- Britain

21. Build Background Knowledge… • READ: pgs. 400 – 411 in your textbook. Answer the following questions in your notebook: • Why did Americans want to move to Texas? • How did the Mexican government respond to the Texas rebellion? • Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas? • How did the acquisitions of Oregon and the Mexican Cession relate to the idea of Manifest Destiny? • Why were some people opposed to the War with Mexico? • What does the phrase “sea to shining sea” mean?

22. How did the US get the land that we know today as the Continental US? • Get a map of the US and glue it into the MIDDLE OF A NEW PAGE • You will use your prior knowledge AND the Extra! Extra! Articles to complete this activity • Your assignment is to make note of how each territory came to be a part of the US

23. What to write in your notes • When did it happen? • Who wanted it? Who was the President? • How did they acquire it? War? Threats? Just took it? For example: The United State gained control of this territory in 1783 with the end of the Revolutionary War. The land was originally claimed by Great Britain but was surrendered to the US in the Treaty of Paris.

24. In 1844, James K. Polk stated that as a part of the US’s Manifest Destiny, the US should control all of the land up to the 54°40’ N line (border with Canada). Polk threatened Great Britain with war unless they turned over the land in 1846. In 1803, President Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. In 1847, during the Mexican American War, Mexico gave up control of California. The US paid Mexico $10 million for the territory. It would be used for railways. War with Mexico: many wanted to gain control of Texas and make it a state so in 1843, the US annexed the territory (took control of it). In 1846 Polk declared war with Mexico. In the end in 1848, Mexico gave up control of it’s land from the Rio Grande to the Pacific.

25. Why did Americans want to settle the land out West?

26. Manifest Destiny Fulfilled • By 1853, the US controlled all of the land NORTH of the Rio Grande to the 54°40’ North line which created the border between the US and Canada • The continental US now stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • What was so appealing about moving West?

27. Main Reasons for Moving West • More land: the Eastern lands were all claimed and cities were becoming overcrowded • GOLD: gold had been discovered in California • Adventure: the chance to start a new life • Forced: Natives and Slaves were again forced to migrate to new lands

28. Travelling the Trails • Recall from the video: • People loaded up their families and belongings in covered wagons • The trip was across the flat plains but then reached the Rocky Mountains • If you didn’t make it past the mountains by winter, you should turn back or risk death

29. Travelling the Trails Activity • In pairs, you will read a description of one of the famous trails out west • You will make note of • Who went? • Where the trail started and ended? • Why people wanted to go on this trail? • A brief description of what happened on the trail

30. Use information from your “Tales of the Trails” reading to create a skit or an interview that answers the questions “Who went where, when, and why?” • Be prepared to perform it.

31. What became the great debate about the newly acquired territories?

32. Warm Up: Free vs. Slave StatesDIRECTIONS: Observe the chart and write a response to the two questions in your notebook. What do you notice about the representation of each side? Which side of the debate would be in fear of losing? Why?

33. Slaveryhttp://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery • The first slaves were brought to America in 1619 • Slaves were used mainly in the tobacco, rice, and indigo plantations in the South • During the Revolution, many Africans (free and slave) aided the Americans in their resistance to Britain • After the war, many in the North felt oppressing the Africans was like the British oppressing them so they abolished slavery in their states • The South however grew increasingly dependent on slave labor • When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the Southern plantations flourished and refused to end slavery • But what about the new territories? Would the Northern states allow the “peculiar institution” of slavery in these new states? Or would the Southern states feel oppressed by the North if their economy crumbled?

34. Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 • You will read the two articles • For each Compromise: • What was the issue that needed to be resolved? • What was the resolution? • What new states were added? What was their status? • Any other outcomes

36. Final Thoughts • Why were the slave states so adamant that the balance between the number of Free and Slave states remain equal?