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Population Ecology

Population Ecology. http://bloginitiative.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/crowd.jpg. Population. Definition: All of the people inhabiting a specified area. All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.

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Population Ecology

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  1. Population Ecology http://bloginitiative.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/crowd.jpg

  2. Population • Definition: • All of the people inhabiting a specified area. • All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat. • The set of individuals, items, or data from which a statistical sample is taken.

  3. Distribution http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/popecol/feblects/Fig6.3Dispersion.jpg

  4. Dispersal - Clumped http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/uploads/nwhi-reef-many-fish_noaa_061606.jpg http://www.emerickpub.com/photogallery/Mc-Gee-Wildflowers.jpg http://naturestockshots.com/images/Photos/Nature/Birds/Flamingo/Flamingo%20flock%201%20m.jpg http://www.wildlifeextra.com/images/tiang_herd1_ELKAN_FAY.JPG

  5. Dispersal - Uniform http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/12/albatross/img/MM7321_665.jpg http://www.penguinscience.com/education/src/field_notes4.jpg

  6. Dispersal - Random http://www.projectparadise.magical-lifecoaching.com/paradise6.JPG

  7. Human Density http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/07_map-centre/7_1_entire-range/thematic-maps/thematic-maps.htm

  8. Human Population Growth • Exponential Growth – doubling principle • 1 doubled is 2 • 2 doubled is 4 • 4 doubled is 8 • We doubled in 46 years 1928 to 1974 from 2 to 4 billion • Estimated next doubling in 54 years (2048) to 8 billion 6,500 million 950 million http://www.2womenshealth.com/13-Contraception-Family-Planning/worldpopgr.gif

  9. Shocker… • Uniformly distribute Oregonians, 36 per square mile • If we uniformly distribute humans over the available land: • 125 people per square mile (6.5 billion people divided by 52,000,000 square miles of available land including mountain tops and deep deserts) • When we reach 8 billion people • 154 people per square mile

  10. Human Population Growth • Population growth • Births are greater than deaths • Population reduction • Deaths are greater than births • Demographic Transition • As human condition improves, infant mortality goes down, then eventually birth rates go down, lowering the overall rate of growth http://globalsoc.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/demographic-transition-theory.png

  11. Resource Use http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/49259main_flat_earth_nightm.jpe

  12. Finite Resources • Crops • Fertile land limited • Fertilizers and pesticides pollute • Global distribution unequal • Monocultures replace native plants • Genetically altered • Slash and burn • Depleted soils http://www.manataka.org/corn_field.jpg

  13. Finite Resources • Wild Stock • Collapse of fishing by 2048 – recent prediction by scientists Jackson et al. Science 2006 • Fish farming issues • Extermination of large herbivores and their predators http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2011/finalwebsite/graphics/intro/OVERFISHINGfromPEW.gif

  14. Finite Resources • Livestock • Slash and Burn Forests for 2-3 years grazing before soil depleted • One of the three largest contributors to greenhouse gas methane • Grain to feed the world converted to beef to feed the rich nations http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_09_img0523.jpg

  15. Carrying Capacity • Amount of resources are limited • Population reaches the limit of available resources • Population fluctuates around the carrying capacity http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/carrying_capacity_deer.gif

  16. Population Crashes • Population will overshoot carrying capacity. As a result, it will crash • Population can go extinct locally, or rebound • Population can eventually reach equilibrium http://www.drmillslmu.com/reindeer-crash.GIF

  17. Population Growth • Graphs can indicate those populations which high growth rates, those with low growth rates, and those with medium growth rates http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/img/fig2_3.gif

  18. Issues • Per capita income • Overall growth rate • Available resources • Female literacy • Infant mortality • Contraception • Degraded environment • Pollution

  19. Solutions? • Human population out of control • The growing number of humans straining global resources • When standard of living is raised, women have fewer children http://www.world-mysteries.com/easter_island_04.jpg

  20. Ecology Community Ecology Ecosystem Ecology Conservation Biology

  21. Background Extinction Longest lived species – Lingula sp., a brachiopod. Appeared in Cambrian, and still exists today – 540 million years. • Species originate • Have a life span • Go extinct • Preserved specimen of extant Lingula, • Fossil lingulid shell from the Ordovician of Iowa http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/brachiopoda/lingula.gif

  22. Background Extinction • Species geologic lifespan can be long (>540 million years as in Lingula) or fairly short (<53 million years as in Opabinia) • Background extinctions are the natural deaths of a species http://www.burgess-shale.bc.ca/images/animals.jpg

  23. Mass Extinctions • An event in which a large number of organisms in many different clades are eliminated • Example – Permian/ Triassic Extinction – The Big One – Estimates of up to 99% marine and 95% terrestrial life died http://msnbcmedia3.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/061123/061123_sealife_vmed_10p.widec.jpg

  24. Extinction • 5 major extinctions • Ordovician • Devonian • Permian –Big One • Triassic • Cretaceous • Loss of diversity due to human impact called the 6th Extinction http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Paleontology/Paleozoology/EarlyPaleozoic/anextdiversity.gif http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/GenGeology/MassExtinct.gif

  25. Mass Extinctions • Climate • Global cooling • Sea level change (rise or fall) • Volcanoes • Meteor impact • Oxygen depletion in atmosphere • Atmospheric pressure (indication with O2 depletion)

  26. Extinction Rate • We are in a period of global warming (attributed to human activity, example pumping CO2 into atmosphere) • Other indicators not present • Note graph on right – similar to human population exponential growth graph http://www.dailygalaxy.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/05/04/rate_of_extinction_3.jpg

  27. Factors for Extinction • Habitat destruction http://www.earth-cool.com/picts/deforestation-tree-removal.JPG

  28. Factors for Extinction • Habitat fragmentation http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/bierregaard/images/frags.GIF

  29. Factors for Extinction • Introduced species • cheatgrass http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.publiclandsranching.org/htmlres/images/wr_comrades_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.publiclandsranching.org/htmlres/wr_comrades_harm.htm&usg=__m811YvRe3IYinI4plqnGk6MNHtc=&h=342&w=300&sz=19&hl=en&start=9&sig2=b8fMThu666hbCoIJL81Sfw&tbnid=MByiO73ai0iltM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=105&ei=9n5qSb61EIe4sAP7hqChAw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doregon%2Bhigh%2Bdesert%2Bcheatgrass%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DX

  30. Factors for Extinction • Overexploitation http://www.nwf.org/internationalwildlife/images/011999/tiger01.jpg

  31. Factors for Extinction • Pollution http://photo.ortho.free.fr/images/divers/pollution.JPG

  32. Factors for Extinction • Global Warming http://www.madisonecoadventure.com/GlaciersCalvingParadiseBayAntarcticaMovieStillPic.jpg

  33. So What? • What do we really lose if a snail goes extinct? Or a fish? Or a plant? Or a mouse? Is it really important?

  34. Loss of Resources • Drugs from plants and animals • Undomesticated crops • Disruption of ecological community • Interconnections of all life http://discoveryspecies.blogspot.com/2008/07/10-of-most-endangered-animals-in-world.html http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/PacificYew_7684.jpg

  35. Ecological Communities • Mutualism – beneficial for both organisms http://www.reefteach.com.au/images/Clown_Fish.jpg http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/5-13.jpeg

  36. Ecological Communities • Predation and Parasitism – beneficial to one, detrimental to the other http://www.acrossthedivide.com/gallery/namibia_photos/images/lion%20kill%20small.jpg http://i.kdaq.empas.com/imgs/qrsi.tsp/8270854/10789307/0/1/A/01.jpg

  37. Ecological Communities • Competition detrimental to both species http://4sbccfaculty.org/lecture/2000s/images/anderson_images/anemone_free.jpg http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/08/050825071502.jpg

  38. Ecological Communities • Keystone species http://www.nearfamous.com/Images/NearFamousWebImagesOptimized/NectarBats/06080474NectarBatFeed%2346283.jpg http://www.scpbricks.com/images/Gallery/Arch%20Key%20stone.jpg

  39. Energy • Energy from 2 sources • Primary – Sun • Thermal Vents http://academy.gsfc.nasa.gov/2005/interns/frantz/module/Images/BlackSmoker01.JPG http://z.about.com/d/space/1/5/Y/Q/sun_tour.jpg

  40. Energy • Primary Producers • Plants and photosynthesizing bacteria • Bacteria converting chemicals into energy in deep sea vents http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/img/environment/cyanobacteria220805.jpg http://www.merulearningcenter.org/graphics/Forest-Glen.gif

  41. Energy • Consumers • Primary Consumer • Secondary Consumer • Tertiary Consumer http://k41.pbase.com/v3/29/580229/1/48556456.Hawkeatingsnakesmall.jpg http://www.copperheadsnake.net/copperhead%20snake%20and%20mice.jpg http://www.sdbi.net/images/pronghorn1.jpg

  42. Energy • Decomposers • Bacteria • Fungus http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/new_zealand/images/tree%20fungus.jpg http://www.thebacteriabusters.com/E_coli_O157H7.jpg

  43. Conservation Biology http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/tmorris/elements_of_ecology/images/biodiversity_hotspots_large.jpg

  44. How? • Protect habitat for endangered species • What if the species goes extinct? • Decrease habitat destruction • Protect from environmental disasters • Protect genetic diversity of species http://www.fundforcostarica.org/images/site-image/Aug-2005-211.jpg

  45. Solutions? • You must provide your students with the tools to make a difference for example: • Write letters to politicians • Build a school habitat (if land available) • Raise money as a class to contribute to an environmental cause (bowling for rhinos) • Students hold reduce, reuse, recycle fair at school to raise awareness • Plant vegetation that supports endemics

  46. Diversity and Disease • Deer mice are the most common rodent in the US • If they are carrying hantavirus, the can give it to us – BAD NEWS • Other small mammals can get hantavirus, but they cannot give it to us • Therefore, the more diversity, the lower the incident of hantavirus dilution effect http://www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/mammals/midsize/peromyscus-maniculatus.jpg

  47. Questions?

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