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Occupational Health and Safety Overview for Workers - Preventive Measures and Risks

Learn about pneumoconiosis, accidents in industries, health issues related to industrialization, and prevention of occupational diseases through medical, engineering, and legislative measures. Understand the risks and preventive strategies for diseases like silicosis, asbestosis, farmer's lung, and more.

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Occupational Health and Safety Overview for Workers - Preventive Measures and Risks

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  1. Occupational Health-2 Dr. Pracheth R.

  2. Outline • Pneumoconiosis • Accidents in industry • Health problems: industrialization • Prevention of occupational diseases

  3. Pneumoconiosis • Size: 0.5-3 Micron • Lung fibrosis • Chemical composition, concentration in air • Health status • No cure

  4. Silicosis • Inhalation of dust: free silica/silicon dioxide • Mining (coal, gold, silver, lead) • Pottery, ceramic, sand blasting • In Bihar: 34.1% miners • Long duration: more risk • IP: few months- years

  5. Continued…. • Particles: ingested by phagocytes- block lymph channels • Dense nodular fibrosis • Insidious onset • Irritant cough, dyspnoea on exertion • Snow storm appearance: X ray • Prone to pulmonary TB

  6. Continued…. • No effective treatment • Dust control-substitution • Enclosure, isolation • Regular physical examination

  7. Anthracosis • Coal miners pneumoconiosis • First phase: simple • Second phase: Progressive Massive Fibrosis: severe respiratory disability-premature death

  8. Byssinosis • Inhale cotton fibre dust- long time • Chronic cough, progressive dyspnoea • India: large textile industry

  9. Bagassosis • Sugar cane dust • Sugar cane fibre: to make- paper, cardboard • Thermophillicactinomycete-Thermoactinomycessacchari • Breathlessnes, cough, haemoptysis, slight fever • Mottling in lungs/shadow • If treated early: resolves • Emphysema, fibrosis

  10. Asbestosis • Silica combined with magnesium, iron, calcium: asbestos • Cement, fire-proof textiles, roof tiling • Deposits : alveoli • Fibrosis, respiratory insufficiency, death • Carcinoma bronchus, mesothelioma: rare cancer of pleura, peritoneum • Dyspnoea out of proportion to clinical signs

  11. Continued…. • Asbestos bodies in sputum • Prevention: • Safer types: two: chrysolite (safer), amphibole • Substitution • Dust control • Periodic examination

  12. Farmer’s lung • Inhalation of hay/grain dust • Moisture content : over 30%- bacteria, fungi grow rapidly • Rise in temperature: 40 to 50 degree C: encourages growth of thermophilicactinomycetes- Microplysporafaeni • Respiratory symptoms, repeated attacks, pulmonary fibrosis • Inevitable pulmonary damage, corpulmonale

  13. Accidents in industry • Some industries: known-accidents • Coal, mining, construction work • Increased human suffering

  14. Causes • Human: • Physical • Physiological: gender, age, time, working hours • Psychological: careless, over confidence • Environmental: • Temperature, poor illumination • Humidity, noise • Unsafe machines

  15. Prevention • 98% accidents : preventable • Pre-placement examination • Job training • Continuing education • Safe working environment • Safety department: safety engineer • Periodic surveys • Careful reporting, maintain records

  16. Sickness absenteeism • Affect production, impede cost • Absenteeism: 15 to 20 percent • Causes: • Economic: sick leave with pay-privilege • Social: weddings, festivals • Medical • Non-occupational: alcohol, drug addiction

  17. Prevention of sickness absenteeism • Good factory management and practices • Pre-placement examination • Good human relations

  18. Health problems-industrialization • Community development depends on industries • Environmental sanitation problems: • Housing • Water pollution • Air pollution • Sewage disposal

  19. Continued….. • Communicable diseases • Food sanitation • Mental health • Accidents • Social problems • Morbidity, mortality

  20. Prevention of occupational diseases • Medical • Engineering • Legislative

  21. Medical measures • Pre-placement examination: • Dye-skin lesion, lead-anaemia, silica-tuberculosis • Periodical examination: • Diseases: months/years • Once a year • Lead, toxic dyes: monthly • Dichromates: daily

  22. Continued…. • Medical and health care services • Notification: • To initiate measures of prevention, protection • Supervise working environment: • Periodic inspection • Physician visits • Fatigue, night shift, weight-workers studied

  23. Continued…. • Maintain and analysis of records • Health education and counseling

  24. Engineering measures • Design of building • Good house keeping • General ventilation: • Openings: 5 sq feet for each worker • Continued supply of fresh air • Efficient exhaust ventilation system

  25. Continued… • Mechanization: • Dermatitis prevented: hand mixing replaced by mechanical devices • Substitution: • White phosphorous by phosphorous sesquisulphide • Zinc or iron paints –lead paints

  26. Continued…… • Dusts: controlled at point of origin by water sprays. eg: wet drilling of rocks • Enclosure: harmful materials enclosed-escape of dust, fumes: atmosphere • Isolation: • Local exhaust ventilation

  27. Continued….. • Protective devices: • Environmental monitoring: • Permissible limits • Research

  28. Summary

  29. Thanks

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