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M A P s Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene

M A P s Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com. Color. Presented By: The MAPs Team. Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com. A. Summary of Waves Properties B. The Physiology of the Eye C. Perception

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M A P s Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene

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  1. M A Ps Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com

  2. Color Presented By: The MAPs Team Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com

  3. A. Summary of Waves Properties B. The Physiology of the Eye C. Perception D. The Spectrum of Light E. Color Addition F. Color Subtraction G. Color Perception Revisited

  4. Summary of Waves Properties • B. The Physiology of the Eye • 1. Observing Our Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 • 2. How Far To The Side Can You See Color? . . . 8 • 3. Can You Find Your Blind Spot? . . . . . . . . . . . 11 • 4. Can You See Your Retina? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 • 5. Color Blindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 6. The Eye And Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

  5. C. Perception 1. What is Visual Memory?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. Can You Identify The Mystery Picture? . . . . . . . 21 3. How Long Can Your Eye Hold an Image? . . . . . 23 4. Producing A Ghost Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5. Why Do We Need Two Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6. Optical Illusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

  6. D. The Spectrum of Light 1. Using a Prism to Separate White Light . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37 2. Using A Diffraction Grating to Separate White Light. . . . . . . . 42 3. Using a Diffraction Grating to Identify Light Sources . . . . . . .48 4. The Illuminated Color Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 5. Frozen Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 6. How We See Color? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

  7. E. Color Addition – Three Methods 1. Overlapping colored lights on a white surface a. What Happens When Colors of Light Are Mixed? . . . . . . . . . 56 b. What are Complementary Colors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 c. What Are Colored Shadows? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 d. Investigating Color Using a Diffraction Grating. . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. Placing very small areas of color very close together a. Observing the Color on a TV Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 b. Observing Newspaper Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3. Presenting colors in rapid succession. a. Color Mixing on a Moving Disk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 4. What are Afterimages? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5. Summarizing The Three Methods For Color Addition

  8. F. Color Subtraction – Three Methods 1. Using Filters to Produce Color a. What is the effect of Colored Filters? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 b. What Happens When You Mix Colored Filters? . . . . . . . . . . . 88 c. How do Various Colors Look Through Colored Filters? . . . . . . 91 d. How Are Colors Produced In Color Printing?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2. Mixing Pigments a. Color Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 b. Mixing Various Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3. Absorption of Colored light By Reflecting Surfaces a. Viewing Color Illuminated By Colored Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 b. What Is The Color Of That Object? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4. Summarizing The Three Methods For Color Subtraction . . . . . . .103

  9. G. Color Perception Revisited What Do you See When the Black and White Disk Spins? . . . 106

  10. Thank You! We Had A Great Time

  11. Summary of Wave Properties I. Characteristics Of A Wave A. Pulse:a single disturbance in a medium. B. Frequency:the number of occurrences of some event per unit of time. (example; the number of times the meter stick goes up and down in one minute.) C. Amplitude:the measurement of the distance the medium moves from the zero point to the maximum displacement. (example; the distance of the very end of the meter stick - from standing still to the farthest distance away from that zero position.) D. Wavelength:the distance along a wave front — from any starting point to the next successive starting point. (example; looking at a slinky in motion. Begin with the very beginning of a pulse to the very beginning of the next pulse.) E. Loudness:occurs with the addition of energy to the vibrating medium. 4

  12. Five Basic Characteristics of Waves Wavelength Period = .5-sec. Amplitude Time = 1 sec Frequency = 2 Hz 1. Wavelength (l), is the distance from a point on a wave to the next point 2. Amplitude (A), is the maximum displacement. Amplitude indicates the loudness of a sound. 3. Period (t), is the time (in seconds) that it takes for a wave to travel one full wavelength. 4. Frequency (f), is the number of vibrations (waves) per second. This indicates the pitch of a sound. 5. Wave speed (V), is the rate the wave is traveling; the units of measurement are meters/sec. 3

  13. Components Of Waves II.Components Of Light and Sound waves AEnergyis needed to form any Light or Sound wave. B Light waves are made by continuous succession of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. These fields travel as a wave, an EM (Electromagnetic) wave. C. Sound waves are made by the vibrations (moving back and forth) of the particles of an object. D. A mediumis NOT needed to transport the Light energy. E. A mediumis needed to transport the Sound energy. F. Waves are formed when energy is transported from one place to another. 2

  14. Three Types Of Waves III. Three Types Of Waves A. Torsionalwaveswhen the disturbance occurs as a twisting effect in a plane that is perpendicular to the direction on the wave motion (examples: twisters, hurricanes, tornados). B. Longitudinalwaveswhen the disturbance occurs in the same direction of the wave motion. (examples: sound, people standing in line, cars taking off from one red light and coming to a stop at another red light.) C. Transversal waveswhen the disturbance occurs at right angles to the direction of the wave motion. (examples: water, light, radio, electromagnetic.) 1

  15. Illustrating Wave Models 0

  16. Electron Excitation and Emission http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/fluorescence/exciteemit/ 0

  17. 1. The pupil of the eye is a black object or spot on the surface of the eye. 2. It is possible to hold one's eyes perfectly still. 3. The eye receives upright images. 4. The lens is the only part of the eye responsible for focusing light 5. The lens forms an image (picture) on the retina. The brain then "looks" at this image, and that is how we see. 6. The eye is the only organ necessary for sight; the brain is only for thinking. The Physiology of the Eye Naive Ideas: 5

  18. Observing Our Eyes Materials: mirror, index card or sheets of paper, crayons. markers or colored pencils • Use the mirror to look at one of your eyes. Draw what you see on the index card (or paper). Put in as many details as you can. Use crayons or pencils to lightly color the drawings. • 2. Label any parts of your eye that you know. • 3. Compare your drawing of the eye with your partner's drawing. Describe how they are alike or different.

  19. How Far to the Side Can You See Color? • 1. Have your partner select a piece, of colored paper and stand at your right side, a few steps away. He/she must not show you the color of the paper selected. • Focus your eyes straight ahead on an object across the room. Try to keep looking at this object all during the activity. • 3. Have your partner slowly move the colored paper forward in a circle around you. Say "stop" when you can first absolutely determine the color of the paper. Identify where your partner was located (in degrees) when you determined the color of the paper? • 4. Repeat this process for other colors also include black and white paper.

  20. Find your blind spot Close your left and eye and just focus your right eye on the cross. At some point the big circle will disappear as it crosses your 'blind spot'. You may be surprised to see that the dot is replaced, not by a black region, but rather blank white space. The brain simply "fills in" the most probable stimulus (in this case, a uniform white area) where there is none

  21. Can You See Your Retina? 1. Close your eyes. Gently place a penlight against the outer corner of your upper eyelid. 2. Wiggle your penlight back and forth or move it quickly in a small circle for several minutes. 3. When you find the right place, you will see a pattern of dark lines. These wavy lines are the shadows of the blood vessels in your eye on the retina. 4. Draw the pattern you see.

  22. Color Blindness Ishihara Test for Color Blindness About 12 - 20 percent of white males and a tiny fraction of females are color blind. Normal Color Vision Red-Green Color Blind Left Middle RightLeft Middle Right Top 25 29 45 25 Spots Spots Bottom 56 6 8 56 Spots Spots 1

  23. Structure of the Retina The Eye and Vision

  24. Perception Naive ideas: 1. The only purpose for having two eyes is to give a wide field of vision. 2. Memory plays an important role in the process of visual perception. 3. The eye-brain system can retain an image a for long time after the stimulus is removed. 4. The perception of depth occurs mainly within our brain. 5. Visual illusions occur when an illustration is perceived incorrectly or can be interpreted in more than one way due to a problem in ones vision. 4

  25. Visual Memory - Seeing is a Complex Process It is in your mind that the act of seeing takes place. Your brain puts together the nerve impulses from your eyes along with information from your brain. These interacting stimuli act together to become the picture that you see. Look at the following chart and say the color not the word. 1

  26. Visual Memory • Using common colored objects such as fur, screws, bolts, steel wool, sponges and colored wood blocks. Place the objects in a bag. • 2. One student should be the investigator, and the other student should be the recorder. • 3. The investigator should obtain the following to help describe the object. 0

  27. Can You Identify The Mystery Picture? 1 3

  28. Can You Identify The Mystery Picture? 0 1 3

  29. How Long Can Your Eye Hold An Image? 1. Draw a picture of a bird in the middle of one card. 2. On the second card, draw a cage for the bird Be sure that the cage will fit over the bird. You can check this. If the cards are the same size, hold the two cards up to a light. Does the bird fit inside the cage? 3. Tape the straw or pencil securely to the back side of one card so that the picture is oriented in a "right-side up" position. Working with a partner. tape all 4 edges of the second card to the first card so that both pictures are facing out and in the same orientation.

  30. Producing A Ghost Image Set up a projector and aim it toward an open door (or toward an open area of the room). Turn off the room lights. Hold a piece of paper in front of the slide projector and focus the projector to produce a clear image of the slide. Students should be behind the projector. Take the long stick and wave it rapidly in the same plane that the paper had been. Students should now be able to see the entire image! White Stick

  31. Why Do We Need Two Eyes? Place a sharpened pencil in each hand and hold them apart at arm's length so that the sharpened ends face each other. Now with both eyes open, bring the pencils slowly toward each other and try to touch the points together. Describe what happens.

  32. O p t i c a l I l l u s i o n s Illusions trick us into perceiving something differently than it actually exists, so what we see does not correspond to physical reality. The word illusion comes from the Latin verb illudere meaning, "to mock."

  33. Categories of Optical Illusions • Contrast • Convergence/Divergence • Bisection - Size • Pattern Completion • Relationships With Lines • Depth and Distance – Perspective • Isometric Or 3-DDrawings • Static Motion / Oscillation • Animation • Optical Illusions In Art

  34. Contrast or Space–Are the Circles the Same? The diagram features two circles with different surroundings. The two circles, in the center, are identical? 1 7

  35. Contrast or Space–Exaggerating the Contrast The circles appear to be progressively lighter as you move to the right - but they're actually all the same shade of gray! Your brain tends to exaggerate the contrast between the circles and the background, so that the same circle appears darker against a light background, and lighter against a dark background. 1 6

  36. Contrast –Which Semicircle is Brighter? 1 Which semicircle is brighter - the left or the right? 5

  37. Contrast or Space– Are all Four Blue Dots the Same? Viewing two colors at the same time influences both of their appearances. occurs when colors are used. Note that identical blue circles in the middle of different colors are influenced by their surrounding. 1 4

  38. Contrast –Which Butterfly Appears Red? 2 3

  39. Contrast –The inside red appears to be purple. “Karakasa” 2

  40. Contrast or Irradiation – Do the Intersections of the White Stripes Have Dark Blotches? Irradiation Illusion occurs when light and dark regions are together. The eye's structure causes the image of the dark region on the retina to radiate into the light region. Your eyes "fill-in" the white intersections with the black of the background. 1

  41. Contrast or Irradiation – The Blinking Effect Your eyes make an attempting to "fill-in" the white circle intersections with the black of the background. Quite an amazing effect! Instructions: Stare at the white circles and notice the intermittent blinking effect. 0

  42. Convergence/DivergenceMuller – Lyer Illusion Are the Red and Blue Line The Same Length? Objects of the same size appear unequal. This illusion is created by angles or segments which lead our eyes inward or outward, and thus shorten or lengthen an object. 1 0

  43. Bisection – SizeWhich Figure Has an Equal Height and Width? Bisection illusion is created by the location of a vertical object over a horizontal object. The horizontal object is made to appear shorter. 5 7

  44. Bisection – Size The Height and With of the Blue hat, Not the Red Hat, is Equal 2 6

  45. Bisection – Size Is the Blue Line in Each Drawing The Same? 1 5

  46. Bisection – Size Stars and Diamonds 1 Does the distance between the tip of the star and the tip of a diamond equal the length of a diamond? 4

  47. Bisection – Size Does the Face of Each Lens Have the Same Curvature? 2 3

  48. Bisection – Size Tri-curve Each of the 3 curves shown below are sections of a circle. If each section was completed into a circle which circle would be the largest? They're all the same size 5 2

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