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History and Theology

Explore the rich history and theological significance of Christmastide in the Roman Rite, including key feast days, readings, and cultural influences. From Advent preparations to Epiphany manifestations, delve into the spiritual depth of this sacred season.

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History and Theology

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  1. History and Theology

  2. Christmastide in Roman Rite • 25 December [Christmas] = winter solstice festival / Feast of the Unconquered Sun • Vigil of Christmas = Matthew 1:1-25 • Christmas Midnight = Luke 2:1-4 [Mary Major] • Christmas Dawn = Luke 2:15-20 [St. Anastasia / Papal Chapel] • Christmas Day = John 1:1-18 [Lateran]

  3. January 1 • Mary, Mother of God • Octave of Christmas • Circumcision of Jesus • Holy Name of Jesus • World Day of Prayer for Peace

  4. January 6 = Epiphany • Manifestation to the Gentiles = Visit of the Magi (or transferred to Sunday) • Manifestation as Son of God = Baptism of the Lord (1st Sunday of the Year, All Cycles) • Manifestation as Fulfillment of History = Wedding Feast at Cana (2nd Sunday of the Year, Cycle A)

  5. Sundays after Christmas • Feast of the Holy Family [20th C CE] • Second Sunday after Christmas

  6. December 8 = Preliminary Incarnational Feast = Immaculate Conception • 8th C CE = Feast of St. Anne’s Conception of Mary (East) • 9th C CE = beginning at Naples spreads to West (focus on God’s favor to St. Anne) • 1854 = dogma • Patronal feast of the USA • February 2 = Feast of the Purification of Mary / Presentation of the Lord / Hypapante • 14 February = Jerusalem (4th C CE) • 2 February = Rome (Sergius 8th C CE): stational feast [Hadrian  Mary Major • Spread through West as penitential [cf. St. Blaise]

  7. Octave of Christmas • 26 December: Stephen, Protomartyr • 27 December: Holy Innocents • 28 December: John the Evangelist • 29 December: Brotherly love and light within us / Light enlightening the nations • 30 December: Doing God’s will / Witness of Anna • 31 December: Anointed in Christ with all knowledge / Word made flesh

  8. Advent in Roman Rite History • Roman Culture = Saturnalia • Ember Days (W, F, SAT) in December • W = Isaiah 2:1-5; 7:10-15 • TH = Isaiah 11:1-5 • SAT = Isaiah 19:20-22; 35:1-7; 40:9-11; 42:1-9; 45:1-8; 2 Thessalonians 2:1-8

  9. Würzburg Lectionary (c. 602 CE) • Epistles • First Sunday = Romans 13:11-14 • Second Sunday = Jeremiah 23:5-8 • Third Sunday = Romans 15:4-13 • Fourth Sunday = 1 Corinthians 4:1-5 • Fifth Sunday = Philippians 4:4-7 • Sixth Sunday = Vacat

  10. Würzburg Evangeliary • First Sunday = John 6:5-14 • Second Sunday = Matthew 21:1-9 • Third Sunday = Luke 21:25-33 • Fourth Sunday = Matthew 11:2-10 • Fifth Sunday = John 1:19-28

  11. Murbach Lectionary • Five Sundays of Advent w/ Wednesday and Friday weekday readings added in 1st – 3rd weeks, Ember days in 4th week

  12. Missale Romanum 1570 Lectionary • Four Sundays of Advent with Readings for Ember W, F, SAT in the third week

  13. Advent Post-Vatican II • Two Themes (N.B. Prefaces): • The Eschaton • The Birth of Christ • Sunday Readings (Years A, B, C) • First Sunday: Vigilant Waiting for the Parousia • Second Sunday: John the Baptizer: Prepare the Way of the Lord • Third Sunday: Transitional Sunday (Gaudete) • Fourth Sunday: Mary: Awaiting the Incarnation

  14. Weekday Readings • Pre-December 17: Proper Readings for each day / Shared Weekday formularies • Post-December 17 • Dec 17: O Wisdom • Dec 18: O sacred Lord of ancient Israel • Dec 19: O Flower of Jesse’s stem • Dec 20: O Key of David • Dec 21: O Radiant Dawn • Dec 22: O King of all nations • Dec 23: O Emmanuel

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