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Warm Up #1. What do you think are the main gasses that exist in clean air? Review: What is the function of the Ozone Layer? What is the function of the Greenhouse Gasses? Aside from Skrillex , Drake and Tyga , any artist/song recommendations?. Chapter 18 Air Pollution. ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS.
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Warm Up #1 • What do you think are the main gasses that exist in clean air? • Review: What is the function of the Ozone Layer? What is the function of the Greenhouse Gasses? • Aside from Skrillex, Drake and Tyga, any artist/song recommendations?
ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS REALLY HOT COLD, DESTROYS METEORS CONTAINS O-ZONE LAYER CONTAINS GREENHOUSE GASSES
Stratosphere: Ozone Shield • Ozone Shield – filters UV radiation (sun) • Gasses Involved: Oxygen (O2) and Ozone (O3) • Humans Contribute: CFC’s, other carbon-based gasses • Effect: Ozone Depletion (polar regions)
Troposphere: Greenhouse Effect • Troposphere – traps heat near Earth’s surface • Gasses: Water vapor (H2O), CO2, Methane (CH4) • Humans Contribute: CO2, Methane, CFC’s, N2O (nitrous oxide) • Effect: Global Warming
What are CFC’s? • CFC – Chlorofluorocarbons (chlorine, fluorine and carbon) – aka FREON. • Uses: fire extinguishers (WWII), air conditioning (car, buildings), Teflon (cookware) • +’s: Low flammability/reactivity with other substances • -’s: Long lifespan (damages Ozone layer bond w/sun exposure) – Antarctica
Other Contributors • CO2 (carbon dioxide) – fossil fuels, logging • N20 (nitrous oxide) – fertilizers, fossil fuels • SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) – coal/oil burning
Warm Up #2 • You are a molecule of air. Describe the journey from the nose to the lungs as specifically as you can. • Take a deep breath in. What do you notice happens to your rib cage (and the size of your lungs). Why do you think this occurs? • Take a deep breath out. What do you notice happens to both your rib cage and the size of your lungs? Why do you think this occurs?
Imagine… • You are visiting a friend who lives in Malibu To get there, using GoogleMaps: • Take Santa Monica Blvd to 405S • When on 405S, choose 10W junction (both are busy freeways) • 10W becomes PCH (busy 3-lane highway) • Make Right onto Sunset Blvd (busy 2-lane street) • Turn Left onto Palisades Dr. (residential cul-de-sac)
Now Imagine…you are an air molecule: • Journey to Malibu = Air’s journey from nose to lungs • Start: Nasal Cavity (Santa Monica) – inhale air via external nares (nostrils) • Nose contains mucus (respiratory mucosa) trapping foreign particles • Also contains blood vessels that warm air
Air’s Journey (Part 2) • Next: Air enters Pharynx (405S) – muscular passageway for food/air • AKA the throat • Air enters in superior portion of throat, food the inferior portion
Air’s Journey (Part 3) • Third: Air enters Larynx (405S/10W junction) – directs food and air into their proper channels • Epiglottis – prevents food going down windpipe • Food esophagus • Air trachea
Quick Quiz • What is the nasal cavity lined with that protects you from foreign invaders? • What is the last part of the respiratory pathway that contains BOTH food and air? • How does the larynx prevent food from going down the trachea?
Air’s Journey (Part 4) • Next: Air enters Trachea (10W) – aka the windpipe • Lined with cilia containing mucus (filter foreign particles) • Part of why we swallow when not eating/drinking
Air’s Journey (Part 5) • After: Air enters Primary bronchi (PCH) – two passageways splitting from trachea • Right bronchus = shorter, straighter wider • Air = warmed, purified, humidified (ideal for lungs)
Air’s journey (Part 6) • Next: Air enters bronchioles (Sunset Blvd) – first passageways inside the lungs • Contains cartilage (support/structure) • Start of respiratory zone – area where gas exchange occurs
Air’s Journey (Part 7) • Finally: Air enters Alveoli (Palisades Dr. – cul de sac) - tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs • 150 MILLION/lung! • Oxygen in, CO2 out
How Do Lungs Inflate/Deflate? DIAPHRAGM – flat muscle located beneath the lungs • Inhale – Diaphragm shifted down, allowing air to fill lungs • Exhale – Diaphragm shifted up, forcing air out of lungs
Warm Up #3 • Explain how the diaphragm regulates breathing. • What did the bottle cap, top balloon, and the bottom balloon represent in the body? • When you punctured the balloon, what happened to the balloon’s ability to inflate/deflate? What can you do to your body that can cause a similar effect?
Review • Nasal Cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli (gas exchange) • Diaphragm – muscle under lungs controlling breathing • Inhale = shifts down Exhale = shifts up • Effects of smoking
Warm Up #4 • In the movie Erin Brockovich, what sorts of effects does the water contaminant, hexavalent chromium, have on the people of Hinkley? • The power company, PG&E, tells the townspeople about the chromium, but how do they describe it? What is their motive for doing so? • What do you think PG&E’s punishment should be for contaminating the groundwater supply and lying about it? Why do you think this is just?
Erin Brockovich and BHUSD • Oil Drills build on BHHS • 300 cancer cases linked to oil • 2003 – lawsuit against BHUSD • Testing = inconclusive • 2007 – Brockovich loses, $450k paid for legal fees
Asbestos • Form of PM10 – particulate matter (smoke, lead, soot, etc) • Problem in developing countries • Break down – microscopic (enter deep in lungs) • Asymptomatic • 10-40 year build-up • Asbestosis (lung scarring) and Mesothelioma (lung cancer)
Contents of a Cigarette • Arsenic – rat poison • Carbon Monoxide (CO) – colorless, odorless • Harder for blood to carry oxygen • Nicotine – addictive • Radioactive substances Cute Not Cute
Marijuana (Cannabis) • Contains THC – chemical that induces the “high” (resembles dopamine neurotransmitter) • Positives: Used for medicinal purposes (pain-relief for cancer/AIDS patients), helps cancer patients eat (induces the “munchies”) • Negatives: Illegal (recreationally), can lead to heart and psychological problems (including addiction, anxiety), and can lead to harder drugs (cocaine)
What are CFC’s? • CFC – Chlorofluorocarbons (chlorine, fluorine and carbon) – aka FREON. • Uses: air conditioning (car, buildings), Teflon (cookware) • +’s: Low flammability/reactivity with other substances • -’s: Long lifespan (damages Ozone layer bond w/sun exposure) – Antarctica • Montreal Protocol – no more CFCs
Other Contributors • CO2 (carbon dioxide) – fossil fuels, logging • N02 (nitrogen dioxide) – fertilizers, fossil fuels • SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) – coal/oil burning • VOC (volatile organic compounds ) – aerosol, paints, etc.
Types of Pollutants • Primary Pollutants – pollutants that INITIALLY rise into atmos. • Ex. SO2 • Secondary Pollutants – pollutants that form AFTER chemical reactions in atmos. • Ex. SO3 (combines with O in atmos.)
Common Household Pollution Sources • Car – Carbon Monoxide • Bathroom – mold/bacteria • Fireplace – Carbon Monoxide • Walls – paint fumes • Septic Pump- Radon (radioactive gas)
Auto Pollution: Smog • Smog – “smoky fog” Two Types: • Industrial (factories) – sulfur or carbon-based • Photochemical (cars) – nitrogen-based Influenced By: • Sunlight, population size, transportation, location
Smog Progress: Los Angeles • Morning Rush Hour – NO2 builds • 2NO + O2 2NO2 • Afternoon Sun – NO2 breaks down to form Ozone (O3) • NO2 + O2 NO + O3 • NO2/NO = brown color
Effects of Smog • Normal: Hot air rises With Smog: • Temp. Inversion – cool air trapped under warm air (no circulation) valleys • Asthma, lung cancer, Antarctica • Heat Islands (cities) – hotter temps than surrounding area • Weather changes, deaths
Quick Quiz # 2 • What are three major chemical forms of pollutants? How does a primary form of one differ from a secondary form? • Why does the sky appear brown in urban areas that contain smog? • Why do you think temperature inversions usually occur in valleys (describe the conditions of a valley that make it ideal)?
Air in London Sucks • Acid Rain – sulfuric and nitric acids • Normal Rain pH = 5.6 • Acid Rain pH = approx. 4.5 • Cause: Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc) • Seeps into soil, contaminate water • London Fog (1952) – 4,000 dead, 100,000 hospitalized
Legislation Clean Air Act – established standards for air pollution • Topics: • Motor vehicle emissions • Toxic pollutants • Acid rain • Ozone depletion • Problems: • PM10 increase, clean up (not prevention), not strict enough
Pesticides Revisited • Pesticides – kills pests to preserve crops • Types: • Insecticide (kills insects) • Fungicide (kills fungi) • Rodenticide (kills rodents) • Herbicide (kills weeds/plants) + = preserves crops, food safety preserved - = water/air contamination birth defects, expensive
Possible Solutions • Mass Transit • Less fossil fuel emissions, less smog • Renewable Energy Funding • Less fossil fuels = less smog • Tax Incentives, not Penalties • Positive reinforcement • Less Pollutant substitutes • Less NO2