World War II

1. World War II Chapter 35

2. Essential Questions • What were the turning points of WWII? • How did WWII affect the social, economic, and political lives of American citizens?

3. Space for Time • Pearl Harbor awakened a sleeping giant • Germany 1st, Japan 2nd strategy • US needed to retool itself for war production. • Allies must move quickly to counteract German secret weapon developement

4. Japanese Internment • War speeded assimilation of most ethnic groups, all needed in army, factories • Japanese-Americans (110,000) forced into internment camps (Executive Order) • Fear their true allegiance was to Japan, may help with sabotage • Proved to be unnecessary, lost rights, $, and property • Korematsu v. US: SC states that internment was constitutional • 1988: US apologized, paid reparations

5. Japanese Internment

6. Japanese Internment

7. Home Front • New Deal works projects programs wiped out (full employment) • WWII cured to Great Depression • War Production Board: guided industry in switch from consumer goods to war materials • Prohibited to manufacture of cars, refrigerators, etc. • Farmers increased production • Office of Price Administration: oversaw rationing, price controls • War Labor Board: wage ceilings, labor unions • Strikes did occur, gov. temporarily nationalized striking facilities

8. War Production Board Propaganda

9. Calling All Women (and Mexicans) • 15 million men, 216,000 women serve in US military • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAACs) • Mexican Immigrants encouraged to cross border, help with farm labor shortage • Women stepped into factories • Unlike WWI, women did not want to leave job force • Challenges ahead: Suburban domesticity v. Working Woman

10. Rosie the Riviter

11. Wartime Migrations • Industrial boomtowns see population increase • California and South greatly aided by wartime factories • Roots of the Sunbelt • 1.6 million AA follow in WWI footsteps, leave south for north, west • Increase in AA in historically white areas causes tensions • Responding to threat of A. Phillip Randolph (AA labor leader), FDR issues order forbidding discrimination in workplace • Roots of Civil Rights Movement!!!!!!!

12. Wartime Migrations • Mechanical cotton picker solved labor shortage in south • American Indians leave reservations for jobs. • Used by army, their native languages became an unbreakable code, great asset to the Allies • Zoot-Suite Riots: clashes between whites and Mexican-Americans in California • Race riots in Detroit signal that US won’t change 300 years of hatred overnight

13. Wartime Migrations African American Migrations Zoot Suit

14. $$$$$$$$$ • WWII devastated world, except US • Doubled US GDP • Personal income doubled • Once rations, price ceilings lift, prices go up 33% • Government heavily orchestrates economy • Post WWII = era of big government spending • New Deal + WWII = increased welfare state • Relationship between gov. and universities leads to massive scientific breakthroughs • Debt goes sky high, taxes increase

15. National Debt

16. Rising Sun of Japan • While Pearl Harbor was bombed, Japan simultaneously takes Guam, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia and invades Philippines • Remember why……RESOURCES! • Take Burma, Allies link to China, must now fly “over the hump” (Himalayas) • US and Filipinos fight bravely for months, lack of supplies force surrender in 1942. • General Douglas MacArthur “I shall return.” • Japanese brutal to POWs, execute many, force to march 80 miles (Bataan Death March)

17. Japanese Empire

18. Japanese Cruelty

19. Turning Point: Midway • Invasion of Australia thwarted at Battle of Coral Sea, 1942 • US intelligence learns of Japanese intent to take Marshall Islands (Would allow them to bomb, invade Hawaii) • Surprise! We meet Japanese fleet at Midway • 100% carrier based fighting • Admiral Chester Nimitz leads US victory, Japan loses 4 aircraft carriers. • Japan never able to recover. • Japan does hold Alaskan Aleutian Islands, forces US to build highway to Alaska

20. Battle of Midway

21. Battle of Midway

22. Island Hopping • US strategy in Pacific: force Japanese off of islands one at a time, back toward Japan • Japanese held ground even when faced with certain defeat, overwhelming numbers • 10 Japanese die for every 1 Allied soldier • US takes island, build airstrips and bases overnight, began attack on next island • US takes Guam,1944: B-29 Superbomber could now carry destruction to Japanese mainland

23. Island Hopping

24. War in Europe • Allies break German “Enigma” Code • US, UK focus on freeing North Africa, succeed in 1942 • 1942-43: USSR stops Axis advance with a crushing win at Stalingrad. (Turning point on Eastern Front!!) • Stalin now began a counteroffensive push toward Germany.

25. Stalingrad

26. Second Front • US and UK needed to get into Europe to help USSR, hoping to split the Axis forces with 2 warfronts • Believed Italy was the weakest point. • General Dwight Eisenhower given command • Casablanca: Allies agree on “Unconditional surrender” as terms of victory (Recall to difficulties that the Armistice created in WWI) • 1943: Allies invade Italy, Italy surrenders, but Germans in Italy keep fighting.

27. Second Front • Fighting in Italy was tough and slow, takes a year to conquer Rome. • Allies now focus on an invasion of France

28. D-Day • Tehran: 1943, FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet • Eisenhower will lead an attack on Normandy on June 6, 1944. • Largest amphibious invasion in history a success. • US and UK began to liberate France, push Germans back from West while USSR pushes the East.

29. FDR Elected for a 4th Term • Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey in 1944. • Platform: Continue war, create international peace organization • Democrats keep FDR, worry about age – Harry Truman picked as his VP • FDR wins because of war going well- 432 to 99

30. Guter Tag Hitler! • Dec. 1944, USSR penetrates East Germany • Hitler not done, throws all of his resources and troops into one last effort, Battle of the Bulge • Hitler hits UK/US western front at weakest point. • Allies lose ground, but push back in early 1945. • USSR and US troops meet at the Elbe River in April, celebrate the inevitable. • USSR wins race to Berlin, April 30th, Hitler kills himself • May 7th, Germany surrenders (VE Day)

31. Battle of Bulge

32. Soviet in Berlin

33. Hitler’s Finale

34. No 5th Term • Franklin Roosevelt did not see the end of the war he commanded. • Dies April 12th, from brain hemorrhage. • Harry Truman sworn in as 33rd President. • Nation morns their leader of 12 years.

35. President Harry Truman • Not close to FDR • Only been to White House once as VP • No clue about war plans.

36. Holocaust • As USSR and US pushed closer to Germany, the truth about Concentration Camps was learned. • 6 million Jews, 11 million total victims • World stunned by extent of Nazi cruelty.

37. Holocaust

38. 2 Down, Japan to Go • US subs surrounded Japan, no resources in • Once close enough, US begins constant bombing of Japanese mainland • Retaking the Philippines tough, but MacArthur keeps his promise • Iwo Jima: taken by allies with heavy casualties. • Okinawa: First invasion of Japanese homeland. • Japanese soldiers refuse to surrender, 50,000 US dead. • Japan resorts to “kamikaze” suicide attacks

39. Iwo Jima

40. Manhattan Project • Potsdam Conference: 1945 meeting of Big 3 • US faced massive casualties if they invaded Japan. • 1940: US began secret project to build atomic bomb, trying to beat Germans • Successful test in July, 1945 • August 6 = Hiroshima • 100,000+ dead • August 9 =Nagasaki • 80,000 + dead • August 14 = VJ Day

41. Atomic Bombs

42. Allies Triumph • 250,000 + American dead • New Medical breakthroughs: blood transfusions, penicillin save countless lives • Only major participant that didn’t see major damage at home • Heroes: Eisenhower, MacArthur, George Marshall, Nimitz, FDR • War production = miracle of victory • Trend of big government spending will continue. • USSR: Friend or Foe?