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5.1

5.1. Sea anemone. Jelly fish. Hydra. (a). B. A. C. D. (b). E. F. G. 50 mV. 20 ms. (c). 5.2. Regular meandering without crossing. Helminthoida. Early Cambrian. Second-order meanders. Irregular meandering without crossing. Helminthopsis. Spiraling. Gyrolithes.

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5.1

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  1. 5.1 Sea anemone Jelly fish Hydra (a) B A C D (b) E F G 50 mV 20 ms (c)

  2. 5.2 Regular meandering without crossing Helminthoida Early Cambrian Second-order meanders Irregular meandering without crossing Helminthopsis Spiraling Gyrolithes First-order meanders Meandering sinusoidally Precambrian Cochlichnus Irregularly meandering and crossing Irregular Gordia Straight Simple straight Planolites

  3. 5.3 Stimulating and recording electrodes Gill Abdominal ganglion Siphon nerve Genital nerve Pericardial nerve Water pik Branchial nerve Siphon

  4. 5.4 Siphon Mantle shelf Gill Int. II L22 Polysynaptic L23 L7 LDG1 LDG2 L9G1 L9G2 RDG L16 Monosynaptic SN1 SN2 SN3 SN4 SN5 SN6 SN7 SN8

  5. (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) 5.5

  6. Wresling Strike/Rip Antenna tap Meral spread Do-si-do No agonistic behavior Retreat 5.6

  7. Reflex Chain Central Pattern Generator CNS CNS Motor neurons CPG Stretch receptors contracted relaxed contracted relaxed Antagonist muscles Antagonist muscles 5.7

  8. Buccal mass M CPGs Lip muscles M CPGs M CPGs Cerebral ganglion Buccal ganglion 5.8

  9. (3) (1) (2) (2) Resting period Resting period (6) (4) (5) Resting period (9) 200 Hz (7) 600 Hz (8) 400 Hz 600 Hz DS DS Habituation Trials 5.9

  10. 5.10 DS

  11. 5.11 (a) Stimulus generator Microscope C. elegans Video monitor Time-date generator Video cassette recorder Micromanipulator stand Petri plate holder Antagonistic reflex systems mediate forward and backward locomotion in response to a tap stimulus. (b) Head Tail AVM and ALM Backward motion PLM Forward motion Before habituation: ALM and AVM PLM

  12. Gill L7 IN IN SN SN Head Siphon 5.12

  13. Interneuron Serotonin and other neurotransmitters Short-term sensitization Axo-axonic synapse Membrane proteins Adenylate cyclase Closes K+ channels Spike broadening cAMP PKA Opens Ca++ channels Mobilization of vescicles PKC Sensory neuron from siphon L7 Dishabituation 5.13

  14. 5.14

  15. 5.15 Loss of both: Increased excitability Spike broadening Dolabrifera Bursatella Dolabella Aplysia Spike broadening Akera Bulla Increased excitability

  16. Lower invertebrates Effector Body surface Higher invertebrates Body surface Effector Vertebrates Body surface Effector Plastic Excitatory 5.16

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