Invasive Gastroenteritis

1. Invasive Gastroenteritis BenjawanNunthachai

2. Overview of Gastroenteritis • Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. • Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs and chemical toxins • Acquisition may be foodborne, waterborne, or via person-to-person spread. • Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. • Diagnosis is clinical or by stool culture, • Treatment is symptomatic, although some parasitic and some bacterial infections require specific anti-infective therapy http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal_disorders/gastroenteritis/overview_of_gastroenteritis.html

3. Etiology • Infectious gastroenteritis may be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Many specific organisms are discussed further in the Infectious Diseases section. • Bacteria: The bacteria most commonly implicated are : Salmonella ,Shigella ,Escherichia coli,Clostridium difficile

5. What Is Peptic Ulcer Disease? • Peptic ulcer disease refers to painful sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum.

8. What Causes Ulcers? No single cause has been found for ulcers. Ulcers can be caused by • Infection with a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) • Use of painkillers called non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, naproxen , ibuprofen • Excess acid production from gastronomes, • Tumors of the acid producing cells of the stomach that increases acid output

9. What Are the Symptoms of an Ulcer? • A gnawing (กัดแทะ )or burning pain in the middle or upper stomach between meals or at night • Bloating (ขยายตัว) • Heartburn • Nausea or vomiting In severe cases, symptoms can include • Dark or black stool (due to bleeding) • Vomiting blood (that can look like "coffee-grounds") การอาเจียนออกมาเป็นเลือดสด • Weight loss • Severe pain in the mid to upper abdomen

14. How Serious Is an Ulcer? • Though ulcers often heal on their own, you shouldn't ignore their warning signs. If not properly treated, ulcers can lead to serious health problems, including: • Bleeding • Perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach) • Gastric outlet obstruction from swelling or scarring that blocks the passageway leading from the stomach to the small intestine. • Taking NSAIDs can cause any of the above symptoms without warning. The risk is especially concerning for the elderly and for those with a prior history of having peptic ulcer disease.

15. Who Is More Likely to Get Ulcers? You may be more likely to develop ulcers if you • Are infected with the H. pylori bacterium • Take NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen • Have a family history of ulcers • Have another illness such as liver, kidney, or lung disease • Drink alcohol regularly • Are 50 years old or older

16. How Are Ulcers Diagnosed? • Your doctor may be able to determine if you have an ulcer just by talking with you about your symptoms. However, to confirm the diagnosis one of several tests should be taken. • First, your doctor may ask you to take an acid-blocking medication, such as those used to treat heartburn, for a short period of time to see if symptoms improve.

17. upper endoscopy

19. How Are Ulcers Diagnosed? • Recommend a procedure called an upper endoscopy. It involves inserting a small, lighted tube (endoscope) through the throat and into the stomach to look for abnormalities. This procedure is usually given if you are having severe symptoms of ulcers. • Doctors will frequently treat for ulcers without confirming the diagnosis using endoscopy. If the cause is not likely to be from NSAIDs, then it is very likely to be from H. pylori. Many doctors will now test for and treat H. pylori, in addition to giving medications to reduce the symptoms.