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Lesson 5 – October 14, 2012 Late Greeks and Early Romans

Lesson 5 – October 14, 2012 Late Greeks and Early Romans. Jesus Christ ~4 BC to ~400 AD Theological, Cultural and Historical Background Biblical Foundations 2012-2013 Bible School Course.

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Lesson 5 – October 14, 2012 Late Greeks and Early Romans

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  1. Lesson 5 – October 14, 2012Late Greeks and Early Romans Jesus Christ ~4 BC to ~400 ADTheological, Cultural and Historical Background Biblical Foundations 2012-2013 Bible School Course

  2. Timelines (Mostly taken from: The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/jerutime.html)

  3. Antiochus Epiphanes (IV) (Greeks)http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1589-antiochus-iv-epiphanes; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/28380/Antiochus-IV-Epiphanes • Last Greek ruler of Jerusalem • 175 to 164 BC ruled Israel from Syria • His name translates as 'God Manifest; also called Antiochus Epimanes (the Mad) • Both economically and socially he made efforts to strengthen his empire by founding and fostering Greek cities.

  4. Antiochus Epiphaneshttp://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1589-antiochus-iv-epiphanes; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/28380/Antiochus-IV-Epiphanes • 171 BC • Entered the Temple precincts to plunder the treasury, and carried away valuable utensils, such as the golden candlestick upon the altar and the showbread table, likewise of gold • 168 BC • The men were butchered, women and children sold into slavery, the walls and numerous houses were torn down. • A royal decree proclaimed the abolition of the Jewish mode of worship; • Sabbaths and festivals were not to be observed • Circumcision was not to be performed • The sacred books were to be surrendered • Jews were compelled to offer sacrifices to the idols that had been erected • The possession of a sacred book or the performance of the rite of circumcision was punished with death. • Mattathias (Maccabees) organized resistance in 167-166, which, through the achievements of his son and successor Judas the Maccabee in defeating two large and well-equipped armies of Antiochus, grew to formidable proportions.

  5. How Daniel Has Been Interpretedhttp://www.bibleandscience.com/bible/books/daniel.htm Septuagint • "Times" are seen as years in Daniel 4:16, 32. • "Kings" are seen as kingdoms in Daniel 7:17. • "Ships of Chittum" are seen as the Romans in Daniel 11:30. • Weeks" are seen as weeks of years in Daniel 9:25-27 Josephus • Babylonian empire-Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzer • Medes empire-Darius • Persian empire-Cyrus • Greek empire-Alexander the GreatThe small horn in Chp. 8 is Antiochus Epiphanes Macabees (100-63 BC) • It seems that the books of Maccabees interprets Daniel as being fulfilled in the times of Antiochus Epiphanes. (Daniel 9:27, 11:31 with I Maccabees 1:54) New Testament Times • Babylonian empire • Medes-Persians empire • Greek empire • Roman empire/end times • Kingdom of God • Matthew 24-26 Allusions to the book of Daniel. Daniel is reinterpreted to fit the circumstances of the first century AD

  6. The Little Horn

  7. Daniel 1: 1-35 – Prophecies of Immediate Future MacDonald – Believer’s Bible Commentary • Daniel 11:1-3 • Greece’s conquest of Medo-Persia Daniel 11:4-20 • Wars between Egypt and Syria Daniel 11:21-35 • Reign of Wicked Antiochus Epiphanies (little horn of Daniel 8)

  8. AntiocusEpiphanes – 1 (MacDonald) Daniel 11:21-22 And in his estate shall stand up a vile person, to whom they shall not give the honour of the kingdom: but he shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries. 22 And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant. • Vile person who gained throne of his nephew by intrigue. Jewish high priest Onias was murdered Daniel 11:23-24 And after the league made with him he shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people. 24 He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches: yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time. • Antiochus made treaties with various nations, especially Egypt to his advantage; plundered

  9. AntiocusEpiphanes – 2 (MacDonald) Daniel 11:25-26 And he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him. 26 Yea, they that feed of the portion of his meat shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow: and many shall fall down slain. • King of south (Egypt) was not able to stand against him, partly because of treachery among his own followers. Daniel 11:27-28 And both these kings' hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper: for yet the end shall be at the time appointed. 28 Then shall he return into his land with great riches; and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; and he shall do exploits, and return to his own land. • Both kings of Syria and Egypt had conferences; when retuning through Palestine took out anger on Israel with destruction.

  10. AntiocusEpiphanes – 3 (MacDonald) Daniel 11:29-31 At the time appointed he shall return, and come toward the south; but it shall not be as the former, or as the latter. 30 For the ships of Chittim shall come against him: therefore he shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence with them that forsake the holy covenant. 31 And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate. • Next time Antiochus marched against Egypt he was repulsed by Roman ships. Apostate Jews collaborated with him. He discontinued daily sacrifices and ordered an idol of Zeus (Greek god) to be erected in the sanctuary. • Secular history says he polluted temple by offering a sow on the altar.

  11. AntiocusEpiphanes – 4 (MacDonald) Daniel 11:32-35 And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploits. 33 And they that understand among the people shall instruct many: yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, many days. 34 Now when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries. 35 And some of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end: because it is yet for a time appointed. • These outrages brought on the Maccabean revolt, led by Judas Maccabaeus (the hammer) and his family. Apostate Jews sided with Antiochus. It was a terrible time of slaughter but also of revival.

  12. Daniel and Future Prophecies Daniel 11:36-12:13 • Prophecies of a distant future - MacDonald

  13. Daniel and the Maccabees Maccabees http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees • Founded the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled from 164 BC to 63 BC • Reasserted Jewish religion • Expanded the boundaries of the Land of Israel, by conquest, which included instances of forced conversion • Reduced the influence of Hellenism and Hellenistic Judaism.

  14. The Romans – Pompey 63 BC • The Maccabee prince brothers were in conflict: • Pharisees sided with Hyrcanus • Sadducees with Aristobulus the younger • During Passover in 63 BC Hyrcanus/Pharisees beseiged the temple and Aristobulus/Saducees • Aristobulus sent an envoy to Pompey’s general, who because of 8,000 kg of silver helped the younger Aristobulus and Sadducees. • Pompey when he came sided with Hyrcanus and the Pharisees and attacked Aristobulus' adherents, the Sadducees in the temple • Pompey’s soldiers entered the temple terrace in June/July 63 BC and saw the Menorah, the treasure and all sacred vessels. His soldiers seem to have sacrificed (Dead Sea Scrolls, 1QpHab 6.1-6). • Next day, Pompey ordered the cleansing of the Temple • Appointed Hyrcanus as high priest but he did not keep his kingship which he had previously

  15. The Romans – Antipater (died 43 BC) • Herod’s father • Antipater was powerful official in Hyrcanus’ court and was founder of the Herodian dynasty • He was from Idumea (Edom), his wife was the daughter of an Arabian sheik. • Esau (brother of Jacob) - Gen 36:1 Now these are the generations of Esau, who is Edom. • According to Josephus, Antipater's family was forced to convert to Judaism when Idumea was conquered by the Jews; since forced conversions were not recognized by the Pharisees, the family was resented by the Jews • Became the power for Rome in Israel

  16. The Romans – Herod (born 73 or 74 BC), • Antipater appointed Herod governor of Galilee at age 25. • Had to flee to Rome when his nephew took the throne of Israel • Named “king of the Jews” by the Roman Senate in 39-40 BC and returned to Judea to win the kingdom • With help of Rome conquered in 36/37 BC and took the title king as sole ruler of Judea • Herod executed several members of his own family, including his wife Mariamne and 2 sons. • Died in March or early April, 4 BC (1 BC?) • Building of temple • In 19/20 BC Herod rebuilt the temple on a more magnificent scale. Work on outbuildings and courts continued 80 years but temple was built in a year and a half. • John 2:20 Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was this temple in building, and wilt thou rear it up in three days?

  17. Herod the Great in the New Testament • Matt 2:6-19 • 6 And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. • 7 Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, inquired of them diligently what time the star appeared. • 8 And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also. • 9 When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. • 10 When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. • 11 And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. • 12 And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way. • 13 And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. • 14 When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt: • 15 And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son. • 16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired of the wise men. • 17 Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, • 18 In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not. • 19 But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in Egypt,

  18. Roman Rulers of Judea and Galileehttp://virtualreligion.net/iho/rome.html

  19. Roman Rulers of Judea and Galilee http://virtualreligion.net/iho/rome.html Prefect: prefects' primary functions were military, but as representatives of the empire they were responsible for the collection of imperial taxes and also had limited judicial functions.

  20. Roman Rulers of Judea and Galileehttp://virtualreligion.net/iho/rome.html

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