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Words, Sentences and Phrases

Words, Sentences and Phrases. Establishing a framework for the study of عِلْمُ النَحْوِ. The Arabic Word ‘ الكلمة ’. In the previous session, we mentioned that the Arabic ‘word’ ( كلمة ) is divided into three types: إسم , فعل and حرف .

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Words, Sentences and Phrases

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  1. Words, Sentences and Phrases Establishing a framework for the study of عِلْمُ النَحْوِ Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  2. The Arabic Word ‘الكلمة’ • In the previous session, we mentioned that the Arabic ‘word’ (كلمة ) is divided into three types: إسم, فعل and حرف. • Here we will attempt to sub-classify these three parts of speech at a very basic level. The terms resulting from this and other introductory classifications will be needed in basically every major discussion. Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  3. Classification ofإسم • Based on being derived or not derived, the إسمis classified into three types: • جامد – A frozen word not derived from anything and nothing derived from it e.g.الرجل(man), الشجرة (tree) • مصدر – The source word for all verbs and derived nouns: not derived from anything, but many words derived from it e.g. الضرب(to hit) النصر (to help) • مشتق – Those few nouns and adjectives which are constructed from the مصدر e.g. كاتب (writer) مكتب(desk). These and their methods of construction are discussed in the science of صرف Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  4. Map of the Arabic Language لفظ موضوع مهمل مفرد مركب غير مفيد مفيد (جملة) حرف فعل إسم جامد مصدر مشتق Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  5. Classification of the فعل • ماضي, the past tense verb e.g. كَتَبَ (wrote). • مضارع, the present and future tense verb e.g. يَنصُرُ (helps, or will help)…or one may refer to the first as ‘perfect’ i.e. occurred and the second as ‘imperfect’, meaning ongoing, either presently in the process of occurring or will begin at a future time. • أمر, imperative or command verb e.g. إشرِبْ (Drink!) • نهي, negative command or prohibition e.g. لا تَشرِبْ (Don’t drink) Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  6. Map of the Arabic Language لفظ موضوع مهمل مفرد مركب غير مفيد مفيد (جملة) حرف فعل إسم ماضي مضارع أمر نهي جامد مصدر مشتق Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  7. Classification of theحرف • حرف عامل – A particle that influences the next word and governs it i.e. puts it into one of the four grammatical states e.g. “فى” in فىالبيتِ • حرف غير عامل – A particle that only conveys meaning and does not govern the next word as outlined above e.g. the َو that means “and” Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  8. Map of the Arabic Language لفظ موضوع مهمل مفرد مركب غير مفيد مفيد (جملة) حرف فعل إسم غير عاملعامل ماضي مضارع أمر نهي جامد مصدر مشتق Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  9. The Sentence (جملة/ مركّب مفيد) • A sentence is a group of words that conveys to the point of satisfaction either information or desire e.g. الرَّجُلُ طَويلٌ (The man is tall), خُذْ الكِتابَ (Take the book), رَبّي إرزُقْنِي (My lord! Give me sustenance). Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  10. ‘مُسنَد إليهِ’ and ‘مُسنَد’ • We said every sentence is essentially made up of two parts; a primary one and a descriptive one. First they link together in the mind of the speaker. Then they are conveyed through the medium of words. This linkage which results in a sentence is termed ‘إسناد’. The primary part or subject of the sentence is called ‘مُسنَد إليهِ’ and the descriptive part or predicate is known as ‘مُسنَد’. To illustrate, Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  11. فعلِيَّه/ إسمِيّه • To make recognition of the مُسنَد إليه and مُسنَد somewhat easier the scholars of نحو classify the sentence into two categories based on the first word in the sentence: • 1. جمله أسميّه: the sentence which begins with an إسم e.g. الوَلَدُ قاﺋِﻢٌ (The boy is standing). The two parts are known as مُبتَدا and خَبَر (subject and predicate). • 2. جمله فعليّه: the sentence which begins with a فعل e.g. ذَهَبَ حامِدٌ (Hamid went). The two parts are known as فعل and فاعل (verb and subject). Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  12. The Two Parts of the إسميّه Sentence • The مُسنَد إليهِ, when it appears in an إسميَّه structure, is called مُبتَدا. With rare exception, it will be first in the sentence. • The مُسنَد in this type of sentence is called خَبَر. Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  13. The Two Parts of the فعليّه Sentence • The مُسنَد إليه, when it appears in the فعليَّه sentence, it is called فاعل or subject of the verb preceding it. Unlike in English, the verb ALWAYS precedes the subject in Arabic. Therefore, in this type of sentence the مُسنَد إليه i.e. the فاعل will always come after the descriptive part or predicate. • The predicate (مُسنَد) is known simply as فعل Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  14. Table 1‑A - إسناد Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

  15. Map of the Arabic Language لفظ موضوع مهمل مفرد مركب غير مفيد مفيد (جملة) حرف فعل إسم غير عاملعامل فعلية إسمية ماضي مضارع أمر نهي جامد مصدر مشتق Shariah Program - Nahw Lecture 2

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