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Broadband 101, an Intro to Broadband Technologies

Broadband 101, an Intro to Broadband Technologies. Prasad Calyam, Research Scientist, OARnet, OSC Stan Ahalt, Executive Director, OSC Pankaj Shah, Director, OARnet, OSC Paul Schopis, Director of Engineering, OARnet, OSC. Topics of Discussion. What is Broadband? Who provides Broadband?

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Broadband 101, an Intro to Broadband Technologies

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  1. Broadband 101, an Intro to Broadband Technologies Prasad Calyam, Research Scientist, OARnet, OSC Stan Ahalt, Executive Director, OSC Pankaj Shah, Director, OARnet, OSC Paul Schopis, Director of Engineering, OARnet, OSC

  2. Topics of Discussion • What is Broadband? • Who provides Broadband? • What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband? • What can you now buy in the Broadband Market that was not sold earlier? • What are the major Broadband initiatives in Ohio today? • Conclusion Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  3. What is Broadband? • Broadband is usually used to reference “high speed” Internet connections • High speed allows quick web surfing, voice and video communications over the Internet • Broadband connections are typically ON all the time • No hassles of “dialing” in to an Internet Service Provider • But, you still need a Broadband Provider or Internet Service Provider (ISP) who can assist you in setting up and maintaining a Broadband connection… Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  4. Who are Broadband Providers? • Any one who owns “Fiber” or has access to lots of it! • Telcos, Cable Companies, Holding Companies • E.g. Time Warner, SBC Yahoo DSL, WOW, Qwest, MCI, many others… • Broadband Providers serve two types of services based on who the customer is - • Residential User Services • Cable Modem, DSL Modem • Business Organization Services • T-1, DS-3, OC-3, OC-12, … Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  5. Where to find Broadband Providers in your Area? http://www.thelist.com You can check your local Yellow Pages also… Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  6. Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • (Layer 1) Physical • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  7. Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Broadband Capacities What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Units of Measure • Optical Carrier Hierarchy • Digital Signal Hierarchy • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • (Layer 1) Physical • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  8. Table-1: Base-2 Number System Abbreviations and Sizes for bps prefixes Terminology: Broadband Capacities Broadband Capacities • A Measure of “capacity of the pipe” available to you • Expressed in Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, …(See Table -1) • ‘bps’ stands for “bits per second” • The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has defined a broadband connection as any rate higher than 1.5 Mbps (i.e. T-1 Line) • Even more common method to describe Broadband capacity involves Optical Carrier (OC) or Digital Signal (DS) hierarchy • DS-3 (45 Mbps), OC-1 (52 Mbps), OC-3 (155 Mbps), OC-12 (622 Mbps), OC-48 (2.4 Gbps), OC-192 (10 Gbps), … Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  9. Terminology: Broadband Capacities Data Quantity Vs Broadband Capacity • How fast is 8 Gbps or 8,000 million bits per second Broadband Capacity? • Approximately 1 million one-page essays can be transferred per second! Or • Approximately 1000 novels worth of data can be transferred per second! Or • The entire “The Matrix” movie can be downloaded in less than 40 seconds over such a link compared to taking 25 hours for the same movie to be downloaded over a DSL Modem connection (512Kbps) or 250 hours over Dial-up (56Kbps) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  10. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 4 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • Web • FTP • VoIP • H.323 Videoconferencing • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • (Layer 1) Physical • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  11. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 4 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer End-Applications • Web • Used to reference the computer infrastructure that allows browsing information formatted using Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) • FTP • Stands for “File Transfer Protocol” - It is a technology used for transferring files over the Internet • VoIP • Stands for “Voice over IP” - It is a technology used for transmitting voice signals like a telephone signal on the Internet • H.323 Videoconferencing • It is a technology used for interactive conferencing using both voice and video signals on the Internet Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  12. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • Router • PoP • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • (Layer 1) Physical • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  13. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer IP Network (E.g. Internet2 - USA, DANTE - Europe, CANARIE - Canada,…) (E.g. OARnet - Ohio, MERIT - Michigan,…) (E.g. Time Warner, SBC Yahoo, WOW,…) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  14. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Point of Presence (PoP) NOTES:1. Router is a physical device in a network that directs packets to their intended destinations 2. PoP (Point of Presence) is a term used to reference a physical location where telecommunication lines meet Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  15. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Types and Sizes of Routers Home Networking Router 10s of $$ Router for Large Backbone Networks > 10,000s of $$ Routers for Small/Medium sized Networks 100s-1000s of $$ Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  16. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 2 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • Router, PoP • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • Wired (Ethernet) • Fast (FE) • GigE • Wireless • 802.11b • 802.11g • (Layer 1) Physical • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  17. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 2 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Ethernet LAN NOTE:1. Ethernet is a data transfer protocol for Local Area Networks (LANs) 2.IP stands for “Internet Protocol”; This technology gives addresses to electronic packets of information Optical Fiber Cables To Local ISP’s IP Network FE (100Mbps) orGigE (1000Mbps)Co-axial Cables

  18. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 2 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Wireless LAN • Devices (E.g. Printers, Computers) communicate with each other without using wires! • 802.11 is an IEEE Standard used by Industry for wireless access • 802.11 requires an “Access Point” • On one end it is connected to a wired network and on the other end it interfaces all information to and from the devices to be sent to the wired network • Popular 802.11 Versions: • 802.11b (Wi-Fi): Provides 11 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz radio frequency band • Used when relatively lesser number of devices access the wireless network over shorter distances • 802.11g: Provides 20+ Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz radio frequency band • Used when relatively large number of devices access the wireless network over longer distances Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  19. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • Router, PoP • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE • Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g • (Layer 1) Physical • Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode • Wireless: Satellite Link • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  20. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Optical Fiber • Provides physical connectivity between two ends using light as a communication mechanism • Uses “Total Internal Reflection” principle to propagate light through the fiber • Composed of long and thin strands of pure glass about the diameter of human hair – arranged in bundles • Three significant components: • Core – Glass center where light travels • Cladding – Material that reflects light back into Core • Buffer Coating – Plastic coating that protects fiber from damage and moisture Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  21. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Optical Fiber (2): Types • Single-Mode (Yellow Cable; expensive) • They have small cores (about 3.5 x 10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared laser light (wavelength = 1,300 to 1,550 nanometers) • Carrier owned fiber used for Wide Area Networks with relatively large distances (20 to 30 miles) before a regenerator is required to go further • Multi-Mode (Orange Cable; inexpensive) • They have larger cores (about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared light (wavelength = 850 to 1,300 nm) from Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) • Customer owned fiber used for Metropolitan Area Networks with relatively short distances between ends Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  22. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Optical Fiber (3): DWDM • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) • Recent technology in optical transmission that promises dramatic increases in the capacity of a fiber • DWDM technology splits (or combines) a beam of light into multiple colors, or wavelengths, each of which can operate at 10 Gbps • The technology is rapidly advancing with the number of possible wavelengths exceeding 100 per fiber Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  23. Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Optical Equipment • Used to “Relay” light signals between two geographic locations • Different kinds of optical equipment: • Optical Transmitter - Produces and encodes the light signals • Encoding involves electrical to optical signal conversion • Optical Fiber - Conducts the light signals over a distance • Optical Regenerator - May be necessary to boost the light signal (for long distances) • Optical Receiver - Receives and decodes the light signals • Encoding involves optical to electrical signal conversion Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  24. Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • Router, PoP • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE • Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g • (Layer 1) Physical • Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode • Wireless: Satellite Link • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  25. Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms Last Mile • Refers to the telecommunications technology that connects the customer's home or business office directly to an ISP or Broadband Provider • E.g. T-1, Cable Modem, DSL Modem • Getting the “Last Mile” suitably connected is a challenge in rural communities • A bad link at this level fails the entire “network chain” for the end-user! Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  26. Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms What can you now buy in the Broadband Market that was not sold earlier? • Dark Fiber! • “Dark Fiber” term is used to reference unused fiber or fiber that has not been “lit” to be used by end-applications • Dark Fiber when “lit” is dedicated to a single customer • Typically, a number of organizations such as schools, hospitals, businesses and universities get together to fund and build a fiber network • Customer is responsible for attaching telecommunications equipment and lasers to “light” the fiber • Owns, Controls and Maintains the fiber • Upfront costs are high to purchase dark fiber; but expected payback in few months or few years if there is sufficient demand • Each institution owns dark fiber based on 20 year IRU (Indefeasible Right of Use) with Carriers Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  27. Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms Right of Way and MunicipalAccess Agreements (MAAs) • Deploying Optical Fiber networks involves entering into legal contracts with both local municipality as well as owners of any existing support structures • Required for cabling space, utility poles, insurance, liability and safety issues • Ensures that your “right of way” is not sold to other party who wishes to place cables • Records and drawings of cable paths should be professionally done and provided to municipality • IRUs cover above issues and annual maintenance expenses • “Right of Way” cost accounts for approximately 5% of the capital cost Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  28. Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: COMPLETED What terminology needs tobe understood for buying Broadband? • Broadband Capacities • Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers) • (Layer 4) End-Application • Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing • (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) • Router, PoP • (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) • Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE • Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g • (Layer 1) Physical • Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode • Wireless: Satellite Link • Miscellaneous Terms • Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  29. What are the major Broadband initiatives in Ohio today? • Third Frontier Network • A dedicated high-speed fiber-optic network linking Ohio colleges and universities with research facilities to promote research and economic development • Over 1,600 miles of fiber has been purchased to create the network backbone in Ohio to connect colleges and universities, K-12 schools, and communities together • Funded by the Ohio Board of Regents and operated by OARnet/Ohio Supercomputer Center • Other Rural Ohio Initiatives Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  30. Third Frontier Network

  31. TFN: All Sites Connected -TFN PoP -Regen Site -TFN Link - Leased - Proposed - K-12 (All Broadband) -eTech (All Broadband) -Higher Ed (Broadband) - Higher Ed (not Broadband)

  32. Regional Optical Networks

  33. Local Examples • Galion • Created SCADA fiber network for the municipally owned electric • Connects municipal facilities • Potentially may: • Offer “free” fibers for economic development purposes • Lease fiber pairs to local company for resale purposes to improve local service offerings • Marietta • Utilizing “Smart” traffic fiber system to provide connectivity to wireless radios on traffic poles to create city-wide Wi-Fi network • Currently in trail phase and pursuing additional funding • Butler County • Partnered through an RFP to build 96 strand 110 mile fiber network • Public/Private partnership • Leases 12 strands to Miami University • Cincinnati Bell provides maintenance and operations Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  34. References and Links • http://www.webopedia.com • Search for Broadband terminology • http://www.howstuffworks.com • Description of Routers, Optical Networks,… with illustrations • CANARIE’s FAQ about Dark Fiber • These slides are available at -http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/ppts/broadband101.ppt http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/PDFs/broadband101.pdf Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

  35. Questions / Comments Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet,Whiteboard, and SZD

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