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Biljana Gjoneska a , Nada Pop-Jordanova b , Leonid Grcev c

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN EEG PATTERNS. Biljana Gjoneska a , Nada Pop-Jordanova b , Leonid Grcev c A Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, R. Macedonia

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Biljana Gjoneska a , Nada Pop-Jordanova b , Leonid Grcev c

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  1. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN EEG PATTERNS Biljana Gjoneskaa, Nada Pop-Jordanovab, Leonid Grcevc A Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, R. Macedonia b Pediatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, R. Macedonia c Centre for Electromagnetic Compatibility, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, R. Macedonia NEUROMATH Meeting, Rome, Italy, 2007

  2. ULTIMATE GOALS OF SCIENCE IN THE OUTER WORLD: UNIVERSE -THE MACROCOSM IN OUR INNER WORLD: HUMAN BRAIN- THE MICROCOSM NEUROMATH Meeting, Rome, Italy, 2007

  3. EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (ELF EMF) GLOBAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) DEVICES Relevance: Possible interference with the human EEG Range: 3 Hz - 3000 Hz Sources: Various. ELF Components: 2 Hz and 8 HzTechnologies: ‘Time division multiple access’ (TDMA) and/or the ‘Discontinuous transmission’ (DTX)

  4. “The implementation of laboratory-based studies of cognition and changes in electroencephalograms (EEGs) in people exposed to ELF fields is recommended, including adults regularly subjected to occupational exposure and children” Monograph “Environmental Health Criteria 238”, WHO, 2007

  5. SOURCES FOR INVESTIGATION • I. ONLINE DIGITAL ARCHIVES • “PubMed” • “Scirus” • “World Health Organization” II. REFERENCED ARTICLES Results: 1 Relevant Article

  6. SOURCES FOR INVESTIGATION • III. INTERNATIONAL EMF PROJECTS • “COST 281” • Action investigating possible health impacts of emerging technologies, especially related to communication and information technologies that may result in exposure to electromagnetic fields. • “EMF-NET” • “Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods” • “REFLEX” • “Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods” • “WHO-EMF” • The International EMF project that examines all evidence of potential health impacts arising from exposure to EMF radiation within the frequency range of 0 to 300 GHz.

  7. SOURCES FOR INVESTIGATION III. INTERNATIONAL EMF PROJECTS NEUROMATH Meeting, Rome, Italy, 2007

  8. FINAL SELECTION OF ARTICLES “Frequency-specific responses in the human brain caused by electromagnetic fields” Neurology Section, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center, 1994 “Influence of an alternating 3Hz magnetic field with an induction of 1 militesla on chosen parameters of the human occipital EEG” Department of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Carl-Ludwig Institute of Physiology, University of Leipzig, 1998 “Preliminary analysis of the effects of DTX mobile phone emissions on the human EEG”Clinic of Neurology University Hospital in Zurich, 2004 “Alterations in human EEG activity caused by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields” Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research and RMIT University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006 “Mobile phone 'talk mode' signal delays EEG-determined sleep onset” Sleep Research Centre, Loughborough University, 2007

  9. RESULTS I. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN PARTICIPANTS

  10. RESULTS II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROTOCOL NEUROMATH Meeting, Rome, Italy, 2007

  11. RESULTS II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROTOCOL

  12. RESULTS III. EEG Features

  13. RESULTS III. EEG Features

  14. RESULTS III. EEG Features ALL OF THE STUDIES DEMONSTRATE CHANGES IN RECORDED EEG SIGNALS UNDER THE EMF INFLUENCE

  15. CONCLUSIONS • THE STUDIES • TIME-SPAN: 13 years (1994 – 2007).The period of occurrence corresponds to the period of GSM industry expansion. • LOCATION: 3 different continents. • THE RARE AND INFREQUENT STUDIES REVEAL UNORGANIZED AND UNSYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THIS PROBLEM. II. PARTICIPANTS Similar age group -> 27 years Similar physiological conditions -> Healthy individuals; Similar mental conditions -> Awake individuals. NONE OF THESE STUDIES INCLUDE CHILDREN AS A TARGET GROUP.

  16. CONCLUSIONS III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROTOCOL PROTOCOL IN MOST OF THE STUDIES WAS UNIFORM USING ARTIFICIAL MEANS FOR EMF PRODUCTION. HOWEVER, THE PROTOCOL FOR INVESTIGATION AND THE EEG MONTAGE DIFFER CONSIDERABLY IN EACH OF THE STUDIES. IV. EEG CHANGES ALL STUDIES DEMONSTRATE CONSIDERABLE CHANGES IN EEG POWER SPECTRUM UNDER ELF EMF. HOWEVER, EVIDENCED CHANGES ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER IN EACH OF THE STUDIES. NEUROMATH Meeting, Rome, Italy, 2007

  17. DISCUSSION • THE CHANGES IN EEG MAY HAPPEN DUE TO: • THE DIFFERENCES IN THE PROTOCOL; • EACH SUBJECT RESPONDS DIFFERENTLY TO THE INFLUENCE OF THESE FREQUENCIES, BECAUSE IN EACH SUBJECT THE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ELF EMF AND EEG FREQUENCIES HAPPENS AT A DIFFERENT LEVEL. ESPECIALLY IN PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS RELATED TO DIFFERENT AROUSALS, THE EFFECTS CAN DIFFER CONSIDERABLY (IN THE SENSE OF BEING BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL). • THERE IS NEED FOR MORE SPECIFIC AND STANDARDIZED INVESTIGATIONS.

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