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Man and Mountain

Man and Mountain. Man and Mountain. Environmental Ethics in Tourism Harald Schaller. Personal Background Environmental Ethics in Tourism Environmental Ethics Human evaluation Four main streams of Ethical Practices Deep Ecology, Eco-feminism, and the Gaia hypothesis

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Man and Mountain

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  1. Man and Mountain

  2. Man and Mountain Environmental Ethics in Tourism Harald Schaller

  3. Personal Background Environmental Ethics in Tourism Environmental Ethics Human evaluation Four main streams of Ethical Practices Deep Ecology, Eco-feminism, and the Gaia hypothesis Ethical or Ecological Tourism? You tell me your story! Table of Content

  4. Personal Background             • Diplom Wirtschaftsingenieur (FH) • Hochschule Hof – University of Applied Sciences Hof, Germany • Thesis: Variation Management • M.Sc. in Environment and Natural Resources (HÍ) • Thesis: Dealing with Volcanic Terrains: Conflict, Communication, and Consensus Building among Stakeholders of Protected Areas in Iceland and Japan • Exchange Studies at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan • Ph.D. in Geography (HÍ) • Impact of Tourism on Mountainous Protected Areas

  5. Focus Area (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) Iceland Population: ~ 320.000 Area: 103.000 km2 Vatnajökull National Park(Vatnajökulsþjóðgarður) Japan Population: ~ 127.420.000 Area: 377.835 km2 Daisetsuzan National Park(大雪山国立公園)            

  6. Research Question: How can mountainous PA be managed in a sustainable way? Research Project Phases: Examination of current research on tourism in mountainous PA and the “best practice” of it. Assessment of the physical impact of tourism on the environment of PA, by evaluating hiking trails in Iceland. Comparative study of the environmental impact of tourism on protected areas by assessing hiking trails in different environment in Japan. System analysis of socio-economic impacts of tourism on communities around mountainous PA in Iceland. Integration of gained data and experience, to formulate best practice management of PA in Iceland, and its application in reality. Ph.D. Research            

  7. “Geography … What?”            • Personal “Image” of Geography • Shaped by previous experience and education • Interaction between man and its natural Environment • Single view does not always fit • Human and Physical Geography are two sides of one coin • Where is Geography different to other fields? • If we manage PA, we tend not only manage the physical environment, but also the man using it. • Why is this important?

  8. Environmental Ethics – the Theme             • Nature vs. Environment • “Nature” • “Environment”: natural and built environment • The moon: Nature or environment? • What is natural on Icelandic environment: black sands or green forests • “Environmentalism”: protection of nature as guarantee for a livable environment • Nature can survive environmental collapse, but men not

  9. Environmental Ethics             • Ethics: • Study of goodness and rightness • What kind of life to lead? • What kind of world to live in? • Environmental ethics: • Value of human life and value of life in general • What should be our attitude toward nature? • What kind of respect does nature demand? • Environmental ethics vs. law, vs. Policy • Aldo Leopold (Land Ethics) and Hans Jonas (The Imperative of Responsibility )

  10. Views of Nature             • “Last man” argument: • When no one is left does nature still have value? • Value of Nature • Instrumental • Non-instrumental • Intrinsic value • The Economy of Nature in Tourism

  11. Views of Nature             • Man and Nature the problem? • Valuing subjects and valued objects • Intrinsic valuing = value apart from usefulness • Problem of Subjectivism • The “onion” of valuation • Egocentric • Anthropocentric (weak sustainability) • Biocentric (strong sustainability) • Ecocentric

  12. Four Main Streams of Ethics             • Virtue Ethics (Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates) • Motivation: the good • Criteria: Rightness • Focus Individual • Kantian Ethics (Immanuel Kant) • Motivation: Dutifulness • Criteria: Rules • Focus: Individual

  13. Four Main Streams of Ethics             • Utilitarian Ethics (Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill) • Motivation: Consequences • Criteria: Actions • Focus: Group • Right Ethics (Thomas Hobbes) • Motivation: Liberty • Criteria: Laws • Focus: Group

  14. Other Streams of Ethics             • Deep Ecology • Attempt to describe the deeper, more spiritual approach to nature • results from a more sensitive openness to ourselves and life around us • Two norms: Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality • Eco-feminism • Historical, symbolic, theoretical connections between domination of women and nature • Feminism needs environmental ethic and vice versa • Gaia Hypothesis • The globe as a living organism – humans are one part – web of life

  15. Tourism and Ethics             • Ethical or Ecological Tourism? • What is ethical tourism? • Is ecotourism better? • What is the ethical thought in Tourism? • You tell me your story! • Individual question • Group work • Discussion round

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