JRN 490 Peace Journalism Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism

1. JRN 490 Peace Journalism Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism By Metin Ersoy

2. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • WHAT IS PEACE JOURNALISM? • Johan Galtung, first began using the term ‘Peace Journalism’ in the 1970s. Galtung noticed that a great deal of War Journalism was based on the same assumptions as Sports Journalism. There was a focus on ‘winning as the only thing’ in a zero-sum game of two parties (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; p. 10). Johan Galtung, Peace Professor and Director of the TRANSCEND Peace and Development Network.

3. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • As every journalist has an ideology, peace journalists have too – their ideologies are, to contribute something for peace, to contribute something for justice. And they also supports the peace. Peace journalism advocates the peace. • Galtung suggested that peace journalism would be more like health journalism. A good health correspondent would describe a patient’s battle against cancerous cells eating away at the body (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; p. 10).

4. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • McGoldrick and Lynch [2000] defined peace journalism as a broader, fairer and more accurate way of framing stories, drawing on the insights of conflict analysis and transformation.

5. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • McGoldrick and Lynch [2000] claimed that the peace journalism approach provides a new road map tracing the connections between journalists, their sources, the stories they cover and the consequences of their reporting – the ethics of journalistic intervention (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; p. 3).

6. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; p. 3).

7. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • McGoldrick and Jake Lynch [2000] argued that: “…respect to one party, (even if you don’t like them and think they’re to blame) leads to bad and biased journalism. There are countless examples. Acknowledging the suffering of all sides is not a substitute for analyzing the conflict - it is essential to establishing the real formation or map of the conflict” (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; p. 24). • The former British Ambassador to Indonesia, Sir Robin Christopher said that: "Journalist have to decide whether they are going to be part of the problem or part of the solution." Also peace journalists believe that journalists should be part of the solution.

8. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • Peace journalism promotes the role of journalists as 'part of the solution'. • Peace journalism aims to find ways to report on the invisible effects, such as the long-term legacies of conflict like psychological trauma or the likelihood that those affected may be violent in the future. • It will try to discover the cause and process of conflict and the effort and initiatives from all sides to encourage peace building.

9. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • To follow the peace journalism approach, journalists should avoid focusing entirely on what divides the parties involved or certain issues, and on the differences between what they say and want. • In order to have a more positive influence on the situation, journalists could ask statements, which may reveal areas of common ground, for example, and lead their reports with suggestions of shared or even compatible goals (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; 24).

10. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • To teach peace- and conflict-journalism, it's essential to focus on the existence of propaganda strategies from the parties involved, avoid simplifying enemy images and suggest alternatives towards a broader, more analytical and history-oriented reporting (Ottosen [2000]). • As Jake Lynch defined that: “Peace journalism looks at matters differently. It maps a conflict as a roundtable, consisting of many parties, many issues. A complex, interlocking pattern of fears, inequities and resentments which can only be overcome by seeking, devising, and implementing complex, interlocking solutions (Lynch [2000]).”

11. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • L. Doğan Tılıç [2001] argued that in war period, media should be more careful about ‘disinformation’. According to Tılıç, war period is suitable to false and incorrect information. •  Tılıç argues that journalists have to be against war and they must support peace. This is the most prominent universal journalism principle. As Tılıç said, “In war a condition exists forcing journalists to take sides. If their own country enters the war this is unavoidable. However, if journalists try to tell the truth in war period, they are branded as ‘traitor of motherland’” (Tılıç [2001]; p. 172).

12. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • WHAT A PEACE JOURNALIST WOULD TRY TO DO? • There are seventeen basic rules that a peace journalist should follow: • 1. A peace journalist should avoid portraying a conflict as consisting of only 2 parties contesting one goal. If not, the logical outcome would be that one side is going to win and the other side is going to lose. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would disaggregate the two parties into many smaller groups, pursuing many goals, opening up more creative potential for a range of outcomes.

13. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 2. A peace journalist should avoid accepting stark distinctions between ‘self’ and ‘other’. These distinctions can be used to build the sense that another party is a ‘threat’ or ‘beyond the pale’ of civilized behavior. Both of them are key justifications for violence. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would seek the ‘other’ in the ‘self’ and vice versa. If a party is presenting itself as ‘the goodies’, ask statements about how different its behavior really is to that it ascribes to ‘the baddies’ – isn’t it ashamed of itself?

14. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 3. A peace journalist should avoid treating a conflict as if it is only going on in the place and at the time that violence is occurring. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try to trace the links and consequences for people in other places now and in the future.

15. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 4. A peace journalist should avoid assessing the merits of a violent action or policy of violence in terms of its visible effects only. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try to find ways of reporting on the invisible effects, e.g. the long-term consequences of psychological damage and trauma, perhaps increasing the likelihood that those affected will be violent in future, either against other people or, as a group, against other groups or other countries.

16. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 5. A peace journalist should avoid letting parties define themselves by simply quoting their leaders’ restatement of familiar demands or positions. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would enquire deeper into goals: • How are people on the ground affected by the conflict in everyday life? • What do they want changed? • Is the position stated by their leaders the only way or the best way to achieve the changes they want? • This may help to empower parties to articulate their goals and make creative outcomes more likely.

17. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 6. A peace journalist should avoid concentrating always on what divides the parties, the differences between what they say they want. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try asking statements which may reveal areas of common ground and leading your report with answers which suggest some goals maybe shared or at least compatible, after all.

18. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 7. A peace journalist should avoid only reporting the violent acts and describing ‘the horror’. If you exclude everything else, you suggest that the only explanation for violence is previous violence (revenge); the only remedy, more violence (coercion/punishment). • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would show how people have been blocked and frustrated or deprived in everyday life as a way of explaining the violence.

19. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 8. A peace journalist should avoid blaming someone for ‘starting it’. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try looking at how shared problems and issues are leading to consequences, which all the parties say they never intended.

20. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 9. A peace journalist should avoid focusing exclusively on the suffering, fears and grievances of only one party. This divides the parties into “villains” and “victims” and suggests that coercing or punishing the villains represents a solution. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would treat as equally newsworthy the suffering, fears and grievance of all sides.

21. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 10. A peace journalist should avoid ‘victimizing’ language like “destitute”; “devastated”; “defenseless”; “pathetic”; “tragedy” which only tells us what has been done to and could be done for a group of people. This disempowers them and limits the options for change. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would report on what has been done and could be done by the people. Don’t just ask them how they feel, also ask them how they are coping and what do they think? Can they suggest any solutions?

22. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 11. A peace journalist should avoid imprecise use of emotive words to describe what has happened to people. • “Genocide” literally means the wiping-out of an entire people – in UN terminology today, the killing of more than half a million people. • “Tragedy” is a form of drama, originally Greek, in which someone’s fault or weakness ultimately proves his or her undoing. • “Assassination” is the murder of a head of state. • “Massacre” – the deliberate killing of people known to be unarmed and defenceless. Are we sure? Or might these people have died in battle? • “Systematic” raping, or forcing people from their homes. Has it really been organized in a deliberate pattern or have there been a number of unrelated, albeit extremely nasty incidents?

23. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would always be precise about what we know. Do not minimize suffering but reserve the strongest language for the gravest situations or you will beggar the language and help to justify disproportionate responses, which escalate the violence.

24. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 12. A peace journalist should avoid demonizing adjectives like “vicious”, “cruel”, “brutal”, and “barbaric”. These always describe one party’s view of what another party has done. To use them puts the journalist on that side and helps to justify an escalation of violence. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would report what you know about the wrongdoing and give as much information as you can about the reliability of other people’s reports or descriptions of it.

25. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 13. A peace journalist should avoid demonizing labels like “terrorist”; “extremist”; “fanatic” or “fundamentalist”. These are always given by “us” to “them”. No one ever uses them to describe himself or herself and so for a journalist to use them is always to take sides. They mean the person is unreasonable so it seems to make less sense to reason (negotiate) with them. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try calling people by the names they give themselves. Or be more precise in your descriptions.

26. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 14. A peace journalist should avoid focusing exclusively on the human rights abuses, misdemeanors and wrongdoings of only one side. Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try to name all wrongdoers and treat equally seriously allegations made by all sides in a conflict. • Treating seriously does not mean taking at face value, but instead making equal efforts to establish whether any evidence exists to back them up, treating the victims with equal respect and the chances of finding and punishing the wrongdoers as being of equal importance.

27. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 15. A peace journalist should avoid making an opinion or claim seem like an established fact. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would tell your readers or your audience who said what. That way you avoid signing yourself and your news service up to the allegations made by one party in the conflict against another.

28. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 16. A peace journalist should avoid greeting the signing of documents by leaders, which bring about military victory or ceasefire, as necessarily creating peace. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would try to report on the issues which remain and which may still lead people to commit further acts of violence in the future. Ask - what is being done to strengthen means on the ground to handle and resolve conflict non-violently, to address development or structural needs in the society and to create a culture of peace?

29. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism • 17. A peace journalist should avoid waiting for leaders on ‘our’ side to suggest or offer solutions. • Instead of doing this, a peace journalist would pick up and explore peace initiatives wherever they come from. Ask statements to ministers, for example, about ideas put forward by grassroots organizations. Assess peace perspectives against what you know about the issues the parties are really trying to address, do not simply ignore them because they do not coincide with established positions (McGoldrick and Lynch [2000]; pp. 11-12-13-14).

30. Lesson 2: A Brief History of Peace Journalism