CE 5326 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Fall 2008

1. CE 5326 AIR POLLUTION CONTROLFall 2008 Session 3: Air Pollution Effects Air Pollution Effects

2. H.W. #3: Due Sep. 13, 2008 • HW: De Nevers: 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4 Turco, Problems 2, 3, and 4. • Reading Assignment: • Turco: Chapter 7 • De Nevers: Chapters 2 and 3 • S &P: Chapters 1 and 2 Air Pollution Effects

3. Effects of Air Pollutants • Effects on Human Health • Effects on Vegetation and Animals • Effects on Materials and Structures • Effects on the Atmosphere Air Pollution Effects

4. Effects on Human Health • Adverse Health Effects • Increased mortality as well as cancer, asthma, lower respiratory tract infections, upper respiratory tract infections, and eye, nose, and throat irritation that interfere with normal activity (defined by the American Thoracic Society). • Health End Points • Mortality • hospital admissions for cardiovascular or respiratory causes • respiratory illness and symptoms (outpatient medical visits, asthma, wheeze, cough, phlegm, increased use of medication) • physiologic changes (altered pulmonary or cardiovascular function) • nonrespiratory indicators (eg. Blood, neurological indicators), and • biomarkers of exposure and health effects. Air Pollution Effects

5. Effects on Human Health • The Respiratory System • Head airways region (extrathoracic or nasopharyngeal region): nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx • Lung airways region (tracheobronchial region): from trachea to the terminal bronchioles. • Pulmonary region (alveolar region): beyond the terminal bronchioles where gas exchange takes places Air Pollution Effects

6. Effects on Human Health • The Respiratory System • Statistics: • Adult breathing rate: 10 - 25 m3 • Surface area for gas exchange: 75 m2 • Length of capillaries: 2000 km • Adult breathing rate: 12 times/minute (at rest) • 36 times/minute (heavy work) • Particle residence time in the lung: varies depending on the physicochemical properties, locations in the lung, and the type of clearance mechanism involved. Air Pollution Effects

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9. Steps in biological pathway for PM-induced health effects and corresponding endpoints of interest for investigation (Stephanie Sanat of Emory University, 2007) Abbreviations: IL-6 = interleukin-6; HS-CRP=high sensitivity C reactive protein Air Pollution Effects

10. Effects on Human Health • Toxicity of An Air Pollutant • Scrotum cancer was discovered in chimney sweeper in 1775 that was caused by exposures to soots in the chimney • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from combustion of petroleum and coals cause cancers in human • AMES Test (by Bruce Ames) • Use of salmonella bacterium to determine the ability of specific materials to attach and mutate the DNA in living cells • Mutagen • Promutagen Air Pollution Effects

11. Effects on Human Health Toxicity (of An Air Pollutant) Toxicity refers to the ability of a toxin to interfere with the organism’s normal physiological functions Mutagens Carcinogens Teratogens Dose and Intake (Example of Saccharin, a compound that causes cancer in rat) Air Pollution Effects

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14. Carcinogens Classification (by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization (WHO)). : Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans In the past 30 years, Only about 90 are classified as "carcinogenic to humans.“ out of about 900 likely candidates evaluated by IARC. Most of the agents are of probable, possible, or unknown risk. Air Pollution Effects

15. References • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monograph: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans. 2004. Available at:http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition. 2005. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/toc11.html. Air Pollution Effects

16. Effects on Human Health Air Pollution and Epidemiology Toxicity refers to the ability of a toxin to interfere with the organism’s normal physiological functions Mutagens Carcinogens Teratogens Dose and Intake (Example of Saccharin, a compound that causes cancer in rat) Air Pollution Effects

17. Effects on Vegetation and Animals • Crops and Ornamental Plants • Forests • Domestic Animals Air Pollution Effects

18. Effects on Vegetation and Animals • Crops and Ornamental Plants • Forests • Domestic Animals Air Pollution Effects

19. Effects on Materials and Structures • Metals • Building Materials • Fabrics, Leather, and Paper • Rubber Air Pollution Effects

20. Effects on the Atmosphere • Visibility • Radioactive Effects • Fog Formation and Precipitation • Stratospheric Ozone Depletion • Climate and Global Warming Air Pollution Effects

21. Atmospheric Visibility Rayleigh scattering: Any scattering process produced by spherical particles whose radii are small than about one-tenth the wavelength of the scattered radiation. -dI = bext I dx where I = Intensity bext = Extinction coefficient dx = Length of the light path B.C.: x = 0, I = Io, I = Io exp(-bext x) Where Io is the original intensity at x = 0. Air Pollution Effects

22. Atmospheric Visibility The extinction coefficient typically represents the effects of light scattering and absorption by gas molecules. bext = bRayleigh + babs-gas + babs-part + bscat-part The lower limit of visibility for most people occur when the light intensity (or contrast) is reduced to be 2 % of the unattenuated light beam, i.e., I / Io = 0.02 ln(I/ Io) = - bext x ln(0.02) = - bext L L = 3.9/ bext (Koschmieder Equation) Air Pollution Effects