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Basic oceanography

Basic oceanography . Ocean basins, currents, and climate change. Sea water and carbon cycles. [CO 2 ] equilibrium at sea surface Reactions with H + and OH - ions Step 1: carbonic acid Step 2: carbonic acid to H + and bicarbonate Step 3: bicarbonate to H + and carbonate ion

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Basic oceanography

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  1. Basic oceanography Ocean basins, currents, and climate change

  2. Sea water and carbon cycles • [CO2] equilibrium at sea surface • Reactions with H+ and OH- ions • Step 1: carbonic acid • Step 2: carbonic acid to H+ and bicarbonate • Step 3: bicarbonate to H+ and carbonate ion • Carbonate + Calcium incorporated into shells of organisms (aragonite, calcite) • Insoluble shells sink • More CO2 can dissolve into sea surface

  3. Biological Sequestration of CO2 • Very small scale chemical reactions • Small scale biological processes • Aggregation to large scale movements of carbon • Influences very large scale ocean patterns and climate on a global scale

  4. IPCC predictions for oceans

  5. Ocean Habitats

  6. Physiography of Ocean Basins

  7. Oceans and Climate Change • What factors influence sea level? • What factors influence sea temperatures? • How do atmospheric conditions alter currents? • How do currents influence atmospheric conditions? • How can reliable predictions be made?

  8. Sea Level ~ Ocean Volume Factors influencing the volume of water in a basin relative to shorelines: • Size of basin • Amount of liquid water available • Density of water • Gravity

  9. Size of Ocean Basins • Plate tectonics: components • solid plates of rock over semi-fluid (hot) magma • plates can be lighter granitics or heavier basalts • Plate tectonics: processes • Spreading where magma emerges between plates • Subductionwhere spreading plates are pushed under neighboring plates • Uplift where plates collide and rise • Dynamic Equilibrium – but changing ocean sizes over “geologic time scales”

  10. Blue: 180 MYBP

  11. Volume of liquid water – Additions • Comets/meteorites: 0.1% water • Hydrologic cycle from continents (rivers) • Melting of ice • glaciers • polar ice • Thermal expansion

  12. Amount of liquid water – Losses • Evaporation to atmosphere or to space • Freezing (importance of albedo) • “Snowball earth” • Positive feedback, “runaway” conditions • Compare to negative feedback carbonate-silicate cycle

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