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Plant Classification

Plant Classification . WHAT IS A PLANT?. Plants are defined as eukaryotes that have cell walls containing cellulose and carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll. Most all plants are multi-cellular and are autotrophs (make their own food). A few plants are parasites.

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Plant Classification

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  1. Plant Classification

  2. WHAT IS A PLANT? • Plants are defined as eukaryotes that have cell walls containing cellulose and carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll. • Most all plants are multi-cellular and are autotrophs (make their own food). • A few plants are parasites. • Plants develop from developed embryos.

  3. How many plants are there? About 350,000 plants are known to exist, and new ones are still being discovered. • As of 2004, scientists have named 287,655 plants. • 258,650 flowering plants. • The rest are mosses, ferns, and green algae.

  4. Vascular Plants • Understanding how plants grow and develop helps us capitalize on their usefulness and make them part of our everyday lives. • In horticulture we tend to focus on vascular and non- vascular plants • Vascular plants are those that contain water- and nutrient-conducting tissues called xylem and phloem • Non-vascular plants must rely on each cell directly absorbing the nutrients that they need.

  5. Plant Classification -a means of grouping plants according to their similarities

  6. Plant Classifications • Botanical • Identifies plants according to their physical characteristics • What you see!

  7. Plant Classifications • Descriptive • System that identifies plants by their use and life cycle • How they grow and reproduce!

  8. Botanical System of Classification • 7 Categories • Kingdom • Division/Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  9. Binomial Nomenclature • Botanical nomenclature is the orderly classification and naming of plants. • Universal language (Latin) • The binomial system specifies that a plant name must have at least two parts. • Derived from Latin bi = 2; nomin = name. • The requirement for both a genus and a specific epithet to name a species is what defines the system as “binomial”

  10. The Origin of Botanical Names • Taxonomy: Area that deals with naming of plants. • Carolus Linnaeus: Father of the “Bionomial System” • Binomial Systems is has two parts; • Genus (last name) - Upper Case • species (first name) – Epithet (lower case)

  11. PLANT NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION • In the botanical name for theFrench marigold -Tagetespatula • Tagetes is called the genus(genera, plural). • patula is called the specific epithet. • When combined, these twowords form the plant species.

  12. Varieties and Cultivars • Plants mostly are distinguished by two parts; • Genus and species • However, through mutations and breeding change occurs. • To distinguish a third part is added to the binomial system; • Cultivar and Variety

  13. Cultivar & Variety • A cultivar is human-made and/or -maintained. • The name is short for “cultivated” • i.e. seed and seedless grapes • Labeled - cv • A plant variety is a naturally occurring mutation or offspring different significantly from the parent. • i.e. A species with white flowers might spontaneously mutate and a new variety with pink flowers would appear. • Labeled - var. or v.

  14. Classification of Plants • The plant kingdom has become successful all over the Earth. They have done so by adapting to a wide variety of different conditions and niches. The following are some major groups of plants. • Bryophytes: • Ferns: • Gymnosperms: • Angiosperms:

  15. Major Groups of Plants • Bryophytes: • Non-vascular plants. Live in damp areas. • Mosses, Liverworts

  16. Major Groups of Plants • Ferns: • Vascular Plants, which produce spores. Have no true leaves.

  17. All other plants are put into two main categories: Gymnosperms Includes evergreen cone-bearing plants like pines, spruces, junipers and yews. Foliage generally is needlelike, and they do not have flowers or juicy fruits. Angiosperms All flowering plants & nearly all food plants. Primary identifying characteristic is the flower, which includes a plant ovary, which swells to become the fruit with seeds inside.

  18. Angiosperms are divided into two other groups. • Monocots and Dicots

  19. What is a cotyledon? • A cotyledon is the fleshy structure within a seed that contains food for a developing embryo. • It is also the first seed leaves to appear as the seed germinates. Also known as seed leaves. • Whether a plant is a monocot or dicot can help determine its method of propagation and susceptibility to weed killers.

  20. Monocots • 1 cotyledon in a seed • Long narrow leaves with parallel veins • Vascular bundles scattered throughout • Non-woody (don’t produce wood) • Flower petals in multiples of 3 • Roots are fibrous (shallow and small)

  21. Monocots

  22. Dicots • Seeds with 2 seed leaves or 2 cotyledons • Branching veins patterns (webbed or net-like) • Flowers parts in multiples of 4 or 5 • Woody plants • Vascular bundles shape of a ring • Root system composed of primary tap root and many root hairs (large and deep)

  23. Dicot

  24. Monocots and Dicots • Monocots 1- One cotyledon 2- Leaves-parallel venation 3- Stems-vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem 4- Flower parts in multiples of 3 5- Fibrous root system • Dicots 1- Two cotyledons 2- Leaves-netted venation 3- Stems-bundles arranged in a ring 4- Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 5- Taproot system

  25. Monocots vs. Dicots

  26. Plant Classification • When classifying plants they are classified more by their stem types, foliage retention and flowering patterns (visual characteristics) • Also, plants are classified by their life structures, life cycle and genetics.

  27. Plant Classification • The life structure and cycle is based on their; • Vegetative Growth Period • (leaves, stem) • Reproductive Growth Period • (asexual, sexual, seeds, etc.) • Dormancy Growth Period • (winter, summer, fall and spring)

  28. Plant Classification • Plants are divided into three (3) life cycles (start to finish). • Annuals: Complete their life cycle in one growing season. • Biennials: Completes their life cycle in two growing seasons. • Perennials: Plants that live for three or more growing seasons.

  29. Annual Growth Cycle

  30. Annuals • They have to be replanted every year. • Have an Herbaceousstem, which is a stem with no woody tissue in it • Summer Annuals: • Planted in spring, harvested in fall • Winter Annuals: • Planted in fall, harvested in following summer • Petunias, Marigolds, Geraniums, impatiens, etc.

  31. Biennial Growth Cycle

  32. Biennials • Complete their vegetative growth in the first year, and then usually flowers during their second season. • They must also be replanted every year. • Cabbage, beets, carrots, peas, etc… • Cool season vegetables

  33. Perennial Life Cycle

  34. Perennials • Flower for a short time. They can be both soft (Herbaceous) and hard woody plants. • Perennials do not usually have a predetermined age of death. • Herbaceous: Shrubs • Woody: Maple, Apple, etc.

  35. Annuals, Biennials, Perennials • Annuals – complete their life cycle in one season. Examples: Marigold, Petunias, and many more!

  36. Biennials –complete their life cycle in two seasons. (first season vegetative growth, second season reproduce) • Examples: Holly Hocks, Fox Glove

  37. Perennials • Plants that grow season after season Examples: Roses, Shasta Daisy

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