Polymer Science vs. Plastics

1. Polymer Science vs. Plastics Section 2

2. Polymer Science • The organized body of knowledge dealing with large molecules • These macromolecules can be either natural or synthetic • exist in several different phases • Emphasizes the physical and chemical phenomena particular to this family of materials

3. Relationships

4. Polymer Science • These synthetic and natural molecules are all strings or groups of small molecules (MERS) covalently chemically coupled to form giant molecules

5. Polymer Science- organized body of knowledge dealing with large molecules having a repetitive atomic pattern • Polymer Engineering- applying polymer science to the creation and production of polymers

6. Plastics • A generic name for a wide range of certain organic substances • usually produced synthetically • also occurring in nature • consists of or contains an essential ingredient • substance of high molecular weight (polymer) • at a suitable stage in manufacture can be molded, formed or otherwise shaped • usually through the use of heat and pressure

7. Plastics- generic term that covers an organic material mixture that is formable • Plastics Engineering- the application of engineering principles to plastic material with a focus on the end use • Plastics Engineering Technology- the application and practice of forming plastic materials into useful articles

8. So what is the relationship between polymers and plastics?

9. The History of Plastic

10. Pre 3500 BC- The Egyptians made papyrus from pith of aquatic reeds Pre 100 BC- Chinese were making paper Pre 2600 BC- Chinese weave and spin natural silk fibers 751 AD- Chinese explain paper making to Arabs at Samarkand History of Plastics

12. 1492 • Columbus discovering America • Natives had rubber technology at the time • They had hard rubber soled shoes • They had the equivalent of raincoats and a hard rubber ball used in athletic games and elastic water bottles

13. 1760 • Enoch Noyes opens his business for making plastic combs in Massachusetts • Signifies • Early stages of plastic technology in America • Beginning of the American Industrial Revolution • First used Keratin and Albuminoid • Organic protein derived from horse hoofs, horns, hair, and nails • Process- soften the material with hot water, form it into the flat shape, and then die cut the teeth • Made buttons and other decorative articles as well

14. History • 1811- Avogadro gives a paper in which he spells out the concept of molecular weight • The molecular weight of a substance is the weight in atomic mass units of all the atoms in a given formula • What do chemists use to make guacomole? • Avagadros! • 1832- Wohler synthesizes the first organic compound from an inorganic salt, urea • Disproved the belief that only living organisms could produce organic molecules • Beginning of Organic Chemistry

15. 1839 • Goodyear, working with the material the native Americans used (Heveva rubber) finds a chemical agent to make them stable at elevated temperatures • Invents vulcanization: treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, (strength, elasticity) and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold; Chemically involves cross-linking between the polymer chains of the rubber's molecules • Beginnings of the rubber industry • Immediately used for telegraph insulation allowing further developments in the Industrial Revolution

16. 1845 • Florence Manufacturing Company was started • Made decorative articles with shellac molding and natural rubber • Continue in existence today in conjunction with Auth Electric • Manufacture mailboxes

17. 1846 • Christian Schonbein in Switzerland • Invention of cellulosenitrate • Mix of cotton, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid • Represents the beginnings of man modifying natural polymers to increase their processability and functionality • Used primarily as an explosive

18. 1855 • Alexander Parkes • Parkesine- organic material derived from cellulose that could be molded in heat and retain its shaped when cooled • Buttons • Combs • Pens

19. Alexander Parkes • Unveiled at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London • Applies for patents for some of the cellulose plastics and begins what’s arguably the history of the plastics industry

20. Parkesine • Parkes had small commercial gains from his material and sold the rights of Parkesine to Daniel Spill around 1865. • Spill set up production of Parkesine under the names Xylonite and Ivoride and received British patents in 1867 and 1869 • Xylonite gets very popular in 1875

21. 1858 • Kuerkle publishes the rational formula for carbon-hydrogen compounds Carbon is identified as being tetravalent (4) and hydrogen univalent (1) • The formula is CnH2n=2 Carbon:     With orbitals of sp3     I want to make a bond with thee,     Together we, covalently,     Will translate through eternity! Hydrogens:     Oh, carbon atom, we respond     With our s orbitals, to bond! 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 1

22. 1860 • Louis Pasteur explains isomers. • Chemically the same but physically different substances

23. 1863- Berthel to talk about addition polymerization 1866- Nobel invents dynamite- Nitro glycerin 1869- Cellulose Acetate debuts 1864- Collodion emulsion photographic dry plate invented by English Sayce and Bolton

24. 1868 • John Wesley Hyatt developed collodion • mixture of alcohol and cellulose nitrate • first items molded were billiard balls as part of a pursuit of a $10,000 prize offered because of the absence of ivory • highly flammable and produced a small explosion upon contact • Hyatt reported: “…we had a letter from a billiard saloon proprietor in Colorado mentioning this fact…saying he did not care about it, but that instantly every man in the room pulled a gun.” • Camphor, a derivative of the Laurel tree, was added to avoid explosions • Celluliod

25. Celluliod • 1870- Hyatt received a U.S. patent for Celluliod • 1871- The Hyatt brothers started Celluloid, Inc. which later became Celanese Corp.

27. The Hyatt Brothers • Coincident with this introduction is the invention of the injection molding machine by Isaac Hyatt (brother) • Hyatt also makes jewelry and goes on to invent blow molding as well as an additional 250 other patents in his name including the famous Hyatt roller bearings

28. 1878- Carbon Filament for light bulbs- first use of polymeric materials to make fibers 1900- Spinning box for fiber production- 1,000,000 # 1889- Nitro Cellulose photographic film is invented by Goodwin- Original Kodak patent-Begins modern photography era 1885- Swan’s nitrocellulose mono-filament crocheted in doilies 1890- Rayon Cuprammoium artificial silk 1884- Spill SUGS Hyatt and wins initially 1886- Pyroxylin lacquers using amyl acetate

29. 1907 • Dr. Leo Bakeland ("The Father of the Plastics Industry")develops the first thermoset molding compound, a phenolic called bakelite in Yonkers, NY. • First synthetic (man-made) plastic • An answer to higher temperature performance problems by synthetic materials • Replaced rubber for insulation in electrics • Bakeland’s Lab represents the beginnings of a dedicated plastics polymer science laboratory

30. Bakelite • 1910: Bakelite production begins at the General Bakelite Company • The plastic finds widespread use in • electric insulation • electric plugs and sockets • clock bases, iron handles • jewelry • Still produced by Phenco today

32. Bakelite What was one of the main features of Leo Bakeland's invention "Bakelite," an early plastic? a) It was harder than steel.b) It would not soften when heated. c) It was used for false teeth.d) It was used to make bullets for the U.S. army.

33. 1908- Continuous sheet extrusion is invented at Kodak for making their film 1912- Cellophane is invented Discovered by a Swiss chemist named Jacques Brandenberger Synthetic Better refrigeration of foods History

34. 1927 • 1927- Dupont enters the plastics industry • Previously was an explosives manufacturer • Foresaw growth in plastics • Their key scientist was Dr. Wallace H. Carothers. • Published theory of polycondensation • Invented Neoprene and Nylon

35. 1931: Neoprene synthetic rubber invented 1935: Nylon invented

36. Local • 1928- Erie Resistor enters the injection molding industry • plastic washing machine, radio and car parts. • Beginning of the Erie Plastics Industry

37. What follows was the development of two parallel industries, plastics and polymer science. • Both continued to make strides along with the growth of the Industrial Revolution through the 20’s and 30’s developing both new plastics and new processing techniques. • The industry has grown since that time at between 2 to 5% a year and now represents approximately 10% of the industrial production in the United States and worldwide, and there is no sign of this growth diminishing in the near future. • If anything, it will increase