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Lesson 5

Lesson 5. Taken from Chapters 4, 8 and 13 in your Book. Lesson 5 Terminology and Tissue Anatomy. Anatomical Position 3 Planes – Multiplanal ______________________ – Right/Left Transverse or horizontal – Top/Bottom ______________________ – Front/Back

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Lesson 5

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  1. Lesson 5 Taken from Chapters 4, 8 and 13 in your Book

  2. Lesson 5Terminology and Tissue Anatomy • Anatomical Position • 3 Planes – Multiplanal • ______________________ – Right/Left Transverse or horizontal – Top/Bottom ______________________ – Front/Back • Directional Terms – how one body part is in relation to another web page

  3. Direction Terms • Medial - Toward the midline of the body • Lateral - Away from the midline of the body • Proximal - Toward a reference point (extremity) • Distal - Away from a reference point (extremity) • Inferior - Lower or below • Superior - Upper or above • Anterior - Toward the front • Posterior - Toward the back • Dorsal Posterior • Ventral Anterior

  4. Terms in Use • The neck is __ to the head • The thumb is ___ to the middle finger • The knuckles are ___ to the elbow • The outer ear is ___ to the ear drum • The eyes are on the ___ the head • The ankle is on the ___ part of the body

  5. Terms In Use Cont • The patella is _________ to the ACL • The shoulder blade is on the ________ and _________ aspects of the body • The heart is ________ to the chest muscles • The triceps are on the _________ aspect of the body.

  6. Range of Motions (ROM)Click here for details • Flexion/Extension • Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion • Abduction/Adduction • Circumduction • Rotation – Internal/Medial and External/Lateral • Supination/Pronation • Inversion/Eversion • Protraction/Retraction • Elevation/Depression • Opposition

  7. Skin Anatomy • First layer of defense against injury; most frequently injured body tissue • Needed to protect against bleeding and infection • Two major region • Epidermis-superficial layer- ____________________ _____________________________________ • Dermis-Deep layer- contains hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve endings • Resist ____________________________________

  8. Soft Tissue InjuriesFig 8-5 p.236 • Abrasion = scrape (shear force) (___) • Blisters = repeated shear force (_____) • Skin bruises (contusions) = Compression force (____) • Incision = clean cut (_____) • Laceration = jagged cut (_____) • Avulsion = loss of tissue (_____) • Puncture = sharp object penetrates skin (_____)

  9. Muscles and Tendons • Muscle Fibers are surrounded by ______________ (Inner) Small amount of fibers make up fascicles surrounded by __________ (Middle) • A muscle is made up of a number of fascicles which are surround by ___________ (Outer) • Muscle Sheath/Fascia

  10. Muscles and Tendons • Purpose- movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat as they contract • Extensibility = Ability to stretch/increase in length • Elasticity = Ability to return to normal length after lengthening/ shortening

  11. Tendons • Tendons- assist in movement of body part • _____________________________ • Collagen or tissue is in parallel pattern • High resistance to unidirectional forces • ____________________________

  12. Muscle contractions – p83-84 • Concentric Contraction = muscle shortening against resistance • Eccentric contraction = muscle lengthening against resistance • Isometric contraction = _______________ _________________ • Isotonic contraction = _________________ __________________ • Isokentic =________________________

  13. Muscle stretching – p67-70 • Figure out muscle and its action(s) • Stretch in __________________ • _____________________ • _____________________ • Three kinds of stretching • Ballistic (bouncing) Want to avoid this type • Dynamic – moving while stretching T&F, BSB • Static –Hold in a position for at least 20 secs • PNF Stretch, Contract, Stretch

  14. Soft tissue injury classificationsp.323-326 • Contusions • Severity depends on depth and tissue affected • 1st degree = little or no ROM restriction; slight discoloration, pain w/ movement, pt tender • 2nd degree = moderate ROM restriction; S/S increase • 3rd degree = severe ROM restriction; S/S increase • Muscle cramps/spasm • Myositis/ fasciitis

  15. Soft tissue injury classifications cont • Strain = injury to muscle or tendon • Tendonitis (tendon) • Tenosynovitis (synovial sheath over tendon) • Myositis ossificans (muscle to bone) • Bursitis (bursae)

  16. Categories of Strains – p.324 • 1st degree: some pain, microtears of collagen, mild symptoms: pn, point tenderness, swelling, ROM decreased • 2nd degree: More tissue destruction, moderate symptoms, joint laxity/instability, muscle weakness, increased ROM loss, ecchymosis (tissue discoloration). • 3rd degree: Severe tissue destruction, severe symptoms, complete instability, loss of ROM, palpable defect (early), ecchymosis

  17. Joints – p.322-323 • Meeting of two bones • Various types of joints –fibrous, cartilaginous, and SYNOVIAL • Synovial- most common; freely moveable; all joints of the limbs fall into this class • Features of a synovial joint –Fig 13.5 • Articular Cartilage-protects the ends of your bones • Joint Cavity- Space between bones which is filled w/ synovial fluid • Articular Capsule-Surrounds the joint cavity • Synovial Fluid-Lubricates the joint and articular cartilage • Reinforcing Ligaments-ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL

  18. Joint Injuries • _____________ = injury to ligament; mechanism of injury- twisting, direct contact, dynamic overload, 3 degrees • _____________-Partial displacement of the joint surface; structure damage does occur; check a distal pulse • _____________-displacement of joint; major structure damage, instable joint, severe pain, loss of ROM; check distal pulse

  19. Treatment To Closed Tissue Injuries • Apply Ice with a compression wrap immediately for at least 20 minutes; check for a distal pulse • If no fracture suspected elevate body part • Repeat the process every 1-2 hours • NSAIDS if able • Supply Crutches if necessary • Continue Ice Application up to 72 hours • Keep body part wrap with compression • Refer to physician if necessary

  20. Bones – p317-319 • Purpose-support, protection, reservoir for minerals for the bulk of blood cells, aid in movement w/ muscles • Bone Classification: • _______-consist of a shaft and 2 ends; all bones of limbs fall into this category • _______-cubelike; bones of wrist and ankle • _______-flat, thin and usually a bit curved; ribs and sternum • _______-don’t fit into any of the above categories; vertebrae and hip bones

  21. Bone Anatomy – Fig 13-1 • Structure of Bones: • Diaphysis-shaft of bone • Epiphyses-__________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Membranes • periosteum- __________________________ _______________________ • Endosteum- inner layer of bone • Inside bone- contains bone marrow

  22. Bone injuries • Fracture = Disruption in continuity of a bone = break • Simple = skin remains intact • Compound = skin integrity compromised • See types of fractures – Fig 13-3 • Stress fractures (repeated low-magnitude forces) • Treatment – See lesson 4

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