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CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 11. WORLD WAR I. WORLD WAR I BEGINS. CAUSES. Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation Germany Serbia. Imperialism. Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and markets Germany. Militarism.

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CHAPTER 11

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  1. CHAPTER 11 WORLD WAR I

  2. WORLD WAR I BEGINS

  3. CAUSES • Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation • Germany • Serbia

  4. Imperialism • Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and markets • Germany

  5. Militarism • Militarism = the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy • Germany starts the naval arms race

  6. Alliance System • Triple Entente (Allies) = France, Britain, Russia • Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -> become Central Powers when Ottoman Empire replaces Italy

  7. An Assassination Leads to War • June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Bosnia • Austria declares war on Serbia • Russia supports Serbia -> Germany declares war on Russia and then on Russia’s ally (France) • Germany invades Belgium -> Britain declares war on Germany and Austria

  8. Type of Warfare • Trench Warfare • “No man’s land”

  9. Americans Question Neutrality • Pacifists = war is evil • Naturalized citizens had ties to Germany and Ireland • Common ancestry and language = ties with Britian • Socialists criticized capitalists/imperialist struggle to control markets in China, Africa, M. East • Parents did not want children to die • Germany portrayed as a bully • Americans traded more with Britain and France

  10. The War Hits Home • British blockades coast of Germany • 750,000 Germans died of starvation • Germany responds by sending U-boats to British waters • British ship, the Lusitania, • is sunk and 128 Americans • die

  11. The U.S. Declares War • Pres. Wilson wins reelection in 1916 by keeping the U.S. out of war • He tries to organize a peace agreement • Germany announces plan to sink all ships (hostile or neutral) in British waters on sight • Zimmermann note = German telegram – Germany will help Mexico recover territory in the U.S. • 4 unarmed American merchant ships are sunk • Russia replaces repressive monarchy with a democracy -> war of democracies vs. brutal monarchies • April 1917 – Congress approves declaration of war

  12. Assignment • 1. List the four major causes of the war and explain which one you think was the most significant. • 2. Why were America’s ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers? • 3. Do you think Germany was right for increasing its U-boat attacks in 1917? • 4. Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? • Naturalized citizens, socialists, pacifists, parents • 5. Why does the U.S. eventually join the war?

  13. Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance

  14. America Mobilizes • Selective Service Act (1917) • Men had to register with the govt. and could be randomly selected for military • Shipyard workers receive “deferred” classification • Parts of ships were assembled at the shipyard -> in one day 95 ships were built • Govt. took over commercial and private ships

  15. 1. In what way does this photograph show men being turned into soldiers? • 2. How do you think military training made these men feel about joining the armed forces? • 3. How do you think they would have reacted to the “I Want you” poster?

  16. 400,000 African Americans served in the armed forces Segregated units Mostly non-combat units

  17. America Turns the Tide • Convoy System > U-boats • U.S. Navy sets up 230-mile barrier of mines

  18. Fighting in Europe • 2.5 years of fighting in trenches for the Allies • The Allies are exhausted and demoralized • WHAT DO THEY NEED?

  19. American Expeditionary Force • John J. Pershing • Infantry men called doughboys • Small town boys impressed by Paris

  20. New Weapons • Mechanized warfare = machines powered by gasoline or diesel

  21. The War Introduces New Hazards • Dysentery • Poisonous gas • Lack of sleep • “Shell shock” ---- (PTSD) • Trench foot

  22. American Troops Go on the Offensive • Americans stop the Germans 5o miles from Paris • Then go on the attack • Alvin York – conscientious objector (a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds) turns into war hero -> kills 25 Germans and captures 132

  23. The Collapse of Germany • 1918 – Austria – Hungary surrender to the Allies • German sailors mutinied • Exhausted • Armistice – truce – 11/11/1918

  24. The Final Toll • 22 million died -> ½ civilians • 20 million wounded • 10 million became refugees • $338 billion = cost of the war • U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle -> 62,000 died of disease • 200,000 Americans wounded

  25. The United States used the __________ _________ to protect its ships from the German U-boats. • The ___________ _____________ ______________ required men to register for ____________ service. • Mechanized warfare included _______________ and _____________ .

  26. Assignment • Read pp. 388-395 and complete Guided Reading for Ch. 11 Section 3

  27. Assignment • Describe how the United States mobilized for the war. • Summarize U.S. battlefield successes. • Identify the new weapons and the medical problems faced in World War I. • Describe U.S. offensives and the end of war. • You do not need to copy the questions, but make sure to reference the question in your response. Complete sentences are necessary.

  28. Discussion – Sedition in WWI (Reading Like a Historian) • What does patriotism mean to you? • Do you think it’s important for people to be patriotic? • Is it patriotic or anti-American to criticize the U.S. government?

  29. Central Question • Were critics of WWI anti-American?

  30. Public Opinion Was Divided • Socialists, Christian pacifists, anarchists, women’s groups, unionists, intellectuals opposed the war • War is immoral, war helps the capitalists • What about the Zimmerman telegram and sinking of Lusitania?

  31. Wilson – “He kept us out of war” (1916) • Unrestricted submarine warfare = American ships are sunk • U.S. declares war in 1917 • Wilson established the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 = suppressed anti-British, pro-German, anti-war opinions • 1,500 people were prosecuted and over 1,000 convicted

  32. Discussion • What did President Wilson do to promote nationalism and restrict dissent during WWI? • Do you think these were necessary decisions? Why or why not?

  33. Document C • Do you think Debs and Schenck broke the law?

  34. Document D • What does this ruling say? • Do you agree with the ruling?

  35. Section 3: The War at Home

  36. Journal • During times of war should the government and/or president be given more power? Why or why not?

  37. Congress Gives Power to Wilson • Entire economy has to be focused on the war • Power of government is expanded • War Industries Board (WIB) is created (1917) • Mass production techniques • Price controls • “gasless Sundays” • “lightless nights”

  38. War Economy • Hourly wages rise for metal workers • Owners of industries make money -> dangerous conditions and child labor -> increase in union membership and strikes • National War Labor Board settles disputes between management and labor -> safety inspections, 8-hour work day

  39. Food Administration • One day a week was “meatless,” wheatless,” “sweetless”

  40. Selling the War • U.S. raises $35 billion • Taxes – progressive income tax, higher tax on tobacco, liquor, luxury goods

  41. “The Rape of Belgium” by German soldiers • How did this poster encourage Americans to buy liberty bonds?

  42. Committee on Public Information • U.S.’s first propaganda agency – biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions • Distributed copies of Wilson’s war message • 75,000 men serve as “Four-Minute Men”

  43. “Over There” by George Cohan • Why do you think this song was used as a marching song? • Why did it motivate people to give money for the war effort?

  44. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase • 2 million Americans had been born in Germany • Some lost jobs • Orchestras did not play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven • German-born miner is lynched in Illinois

  45. Dachshunds or “liberty pups”

  46. Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918) • $10,000 fine and 20 year prison sentence for interfering with the war effort • Newspapers lost mailing privileges • Professors fired • Unions demanded better working conditions • Govt. silenced ideas

  47. African Americans and the War • W.E.B. Dubois believed if blacks supported the war their conditions would improve in America • Job opportunities and political power in North + racial discrimination and floods in the South lead to the Great Migration -> hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks move to the North • African American migrants leads to overcrowding and racial tension in cities

  48. The Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence

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