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This text discusses the current wage growth and inflation in Afghanistan, focusing on the unemployment rates and its impact on various economic aspects. It also explores the types and effects of unemployment and the natural rate of unemployment.
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Wage growth % ( ) Inflation دریم فصل : 2.5 % بیکاري (UNEMPLOYMENT ) 1.5 % 4 % 6 % Unemployment (%) PC1
د دریم فصل مقاصد (Objectives ) : • ددې څپرکي په زده کړي سره به محصلین وتوانیږي چي : • د بیکاري او د هغه په ټولو ډولونو باندي کامله پوه ترلاسه کړي • د بیکاري رامنځ د عرضې او تقاضا په اساس باندي پوهه ترلاسه کول • د بیکاري اړوند د مختلفو اقتصادي مکاتبو نظریات • د افغانستان د بیکاري اړند پوهه ترلاسه کول
بیکاري (Unemployment): • بیکاري یا وزګارتیا هغه حالت دی چي یو شخص د کاروړتیا او غوښتنه ولري خو کاري بوختیا ونلري نو په همدې اساس د اقتصاد له انده بیکار کس هغه چاته ویل کیږي کوم چي د کار وړتیا ولري او د کار په لټه کي وي خو لا ورباندي بوخت سوی نه وي . • General Sense - Unemployment means lack of jobs even for those who are able and willing to work at the prevailing wage. Abdullah Ziarmal
د وزګارتیا یا بیکارۍ تاثیر (Effects of UEM) : • ورګارتیا کولای سي فردي ټولنیز سیاسي او اقتصادي اثرات ولري : • فردي اثرات : بیکاري کولای سي چي د یوې ټولني افرادو ته خاصي ستونزي ایجاد کړي لکه رواني بې باوري او داسي نور . • ټولنیز سیاسي اثرات : د بیکاري له امله کیدای سي چي په یو ټولنه کي قسم قسم د دولت ضد ډلي په نامشروع کارونو لاس پوري کړي او همدارنګه د بیکارۍ په ذریعه سره کیدای سي د متوقعه عمر اندازه کمه او په ټولنه کي مختلفي ناخوالي لکه ځانوژني خپل منځني اختلافات او داسي نور رامنځ ته سي. • اقتصادي اثرات (): د بیکاري د زیاتوالي له امله د یو هیواد فعاله د تولید عوامل دکاره لویږي په نتیجه د مربوطه هیواد مولدیت اندازه ټیټیږي کوم چي د وخت په تیریدو سره د یو هیواد وګرو د هوسایني د دلاسه ورکولو باعث کیږي. Abdullah Ziarmal
د وزګارتیا یا بیکارۍ تاثیر Effects of unemployment • At individual level • Mental stress • Loss of self esteem • Directly linked to poverty • At social level • Civil unrest • Law and order problem ( naxalist , thefts etc)
د بیکارۍ ډولونه (Types of UEM): Abdullah Ziarmal
رضاکارانه بیکاري: کوم چي یو کس خپله وغواړي چي د مختلفو عواملو له سببه لکه کم مزد نامناسب محیط او داسي نورو له امله وظیفه ترک کړي . غیر رضاکارانه بیکاري : هغه ډول بیکاري کوم چي یو کس د خپل کس کمزوري کار له امله د کار او مزد څخه پاته سي که څه هم دی به ددې تواناني لري چي کار وکړي او مزد وګټي او په تیر مزد پسي ارمانجن یا هم وارخطا وي . Abdullah Ziarmal
طبیعي بیکاري: Natural unemployment: طبیعي بیکاري • د هغه ډول بیکاري څخه عبارت ده کوم چي اقتصادي ثبات حالاتو کي موجود وي او یا هم هغه ډول بیکاري ده کوم چي هغه وخت منځ ته راځي چي دوراني بیکاري وجود ونه لري .
Natural rate of unemployment: د طبیعي بیکارۍ نرخ د طبیعي بیکارۍ د نرخ د پیدا کولو په موخه د یو هیواد د هغه کسانو کوم چي په خپله خوښه یې وظیفې ترک کړي وي د هغه کسانو پر شمیر کوم چي نوي استخدام سوي وي جمع هغه ترک سوي کسان باندي تقسیموو، L is labor force . U is unemployed people s = fraction of employed workers that become separated from their jobs, f= fraction of unemployed workers that find jobs.
Example : Each month, 1% of employed workers lose their jobs (s = 0.01) Each month, 19% of unemployed workers find jobs (f = 0.19) Find the natural rate of unemployment:
# of unemployed people who find jobs # of employed people who lose or leave their jobs د کاریګرو د مارکیټ تعادل : دکاریګرو مارکیټ تعادل د بیکاره سویو او استخدام سويو خلګو توازن ته ویل کیږي . • Definition: the labor market is in steady state, or long-run equilibrium, if the unemployment rate is constant. • The steady-state condition is: sE =f U
s E f U The transitions between employment and unemployment Employed Unemployed
Frictional Unemployment • Frictional Unemployment – defined as the no. of unemployed persons under the condition that the no. of job vacancies equals the no. of job seekers who somehow fail to get the job. • It is said to exist when job vacancies equal the job seekers and yet some persons are unemployed. • اصطکاکي بیکاري : هغه ډول بیکاري ده کوم چي په لنډ مهاله کي صورت نیسي عموما بل کار ته د لیوالتیا په اساس رامنځ ته کیږي ، Abdullah Ziarmal
Structural Unemployment – • Structural Unemployment – arises due to structural change in dynamic economy making some workers go out of the job. Under structural unemployment, a person either goes out of the job or remains unemployed for prolonged period of time till he acquires new skills. • ساختماني بیکاري : هغه ډول بیکاري ده کوم چي په یو متحرک اقتصاد کي د یو کار د ساختماني تغیر له اساسه رامنځ ته کیږي ، دغه تغیر کیدای سي ټکنالوجیکي او یا د مسلک او مهارت تغیرات وي. Abdullah Ziarmal
Cyclical Unemployment –دوراني بیکاري • Cyclical Unemployment – cyclical unemployment is the result of businesses not having enough demand for labour to employ all those who are looking for work. When business cycles are at their peak, cyclical unemployment will be low because total economic output is being maximized. When economic output falls, the business cycle is low and cyclical unemployment will rise. • دوراني بیکاري : دهغه ډول بیکاري څخه عبارت ده کوم چي د یوهیواد په اقتصادي حالت کي د نوساناتو له امله رامنځ ته کیږي. Demand has fallen for the product and the price level has decreased. This has caused the firms to cut back on their workforce so less people are hired for jobs Abdullah Ziarmal
Examples The great depression of 1929 the rate of unemployment up to 40% than ever before. The financial crisis of 2008 is the recent example of cyclical unemployment.
Disguised unemployment: • Disguised unemployment: Unemployment that does not affect aggregate output. Disguised unemployment exists where part of the labor force is either left without work or is working in a redundant manner where worker productivity is essentially zero. • پټه بیکاري : هغه ډول بیکاري ده کوم چي په راتګ سره یې د یو هیواد په مجموعي تولیداتو باندي تاثیر نه ښيي دغه ډول بیکاري د پټي بیکاري په نامه سره یادیږي ، Abdullah Ziarmal
Underemployment: Underemployment: usually refers to that state in which the self employed working people are not working according to their capacity. نیمه بیکاري : هغه ډول بیکاري ده کوم چي افراد د خپل ظرفیت په اساس سره په دندو سره نه وي بوخت بلکي خپله یې په نور برخو کي ځانونه سره ځانونه مصروف کړي وي. Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment occurs at certain seasons of the year. Refers to a situation where a number of persons are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.
Causes of Unemployment د بیکارۍ علتونه • Rapid Population Growth • Economic Inflation • Economic Recession • Changing Technology • Demand for highly skilled labor • Global Competition • Illiteracy
بیکاري او ناخالص کورني تولیدات (Unemployment and GDP): • د یو هیواد د دوراني بیکاري له امله څومره حاصلات کمیږي ؟ دا هغه اساسي پوښتنه ده چي د اوکن د قانون په اساس سره جواب سویده .
د اوکن قانون (Okun's) : • د اوکن قانون : • د اوکن د قانون په اساس هر اضافي تغیرد وزګارتیا یا بیکارۍ د یو هیواد د ناخالصو کورنيو تولیداتو سره اړیکه لري او په اساس یې د ناخالصو کورنیو حقیقي او پوتنشیل تولیدات سره فاصله پیداکوي . • د ددې قانون په اساس موږ ته د دوراني بیکاري د تغیر په اساس په حاصلاتو کي د تغیر اندازه معلومیږي . په دې مانا چي کله د هیوادونو دوارني بیکاري زیاتیږي نو څومره د یو هیواد ناخالص کورنیو تولیداتو اندازه کمیږي . • Okun’s Law: • Each extra percentage (1%) point in unemployment is associated with some (%) increase in the output gap (or some change in (Y) actual output. • The size of this response gives us some information about the responsiveness of output to changes in cyclical unemployment.
y y * Insymbols: y * = –β (u – u*) • where y is the actual output and y* is the full- employment level of output • where β is the coefficient of Okuan’s law . • β varies based on the country.
Example: • June 1983 (Currency in US$) Ghana u =10.3%, • u* = 8.08%, • y* = $108 213.6 million, if –β (u – u*). • then (let B= 1.5) • –β (u – u*) = –1.5 (0.103 – 0.0808) = –0.0333 • Therefore, the output gap was –3.33% of y* • = 3.33% x $108 213.6 million • = $3603.51 million • This is a recessionary gap (negative sign).
Economic and Social Costs ofUnemployment • The private costs for the unemployed Loss of income Fall in real living standards Increased health risks
Economic Consequences for Businesses • Negative consequences • Fall in demand for goods and services • Fall in demand for businesses further down the supply chain • positive consequences • Bigger pool of surplus labor is available – but still a problem if there is plenty of structural unemployment • Less pressure to pay higher wages
Consequences for the Government (Fiscal Policy) Increased spending on unemployment benefits and other income –related state welfare payments Fall in revenue from income tax and taxes on consumer spending Fall in profits – reduction in revenue from May lead to rise in government borrowing (i.e. a budget deficit)
Consequences for the economy as a whole • Lost output (real GDP) • allocating resources – labour market failure • Increase in the inequality • rise in relative poverty
Policies to reduce unemployment • Demand side approaches • Supply side approaches
Demand side approaches • These are mainly measures to boost total labour demand • Lower interest rates (a monetary policy stimulus) • A lower exchange rate (helps exporters) • Lower direct taxes (fiscal stimulus to spending power) • Government spending on major capital projects (e.g. improving the transport infrastructure) • Employment subsidies (including the New Deal Programme) – designed to reduce the cost to a business of employing additional workers • Incentives to encourage flows of foreign investment in the UK – particularly in areas of above average unemployment
Supply-side policies • These are measures to improve labour supply (reduce frictional and structural unemployment) • Increased spending on education & training including an emphasis on “lifetime-learning”) • Improved flows of information on job vacancies • Changes to tax and benefits to improve incentives • Measures designed to make the labor market more flexible so that workers have the skills and education that gives them improved employment options
Three Possible Reasons for an Above-Equilibrium Wage Resulting in Structural Unemployment • Minimum-wage laws • Job Becoming Obsolete • Unions • Efficiency wages
Surplus of labor = Labor Unemployment supply Minimum wage Labor demand LD LS Unemployment from a Wage Above the Equilibrium Level... Wage WE 0 LE Quantity of Labor
Unions and Collective Bargaining • A union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions. • In the 1940s and 1950s, when unions were at their peak, about a third of the U.S. labor force was unionized. • A union is a type of cartel attempting to exert its market power.
Theory of Efficiency Wages • A firm may prefer higher than equilibrium wages for the following reasons: • Worker Health: • Worker Turnover: • Worker Effort • Worker Quality
د افغانستان بیکاري • کورنۍ دنده : د دریم ګروپ لپاره