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Darwin’s THEORY of Evolution

Darwin’s THEORY of Evolution. Chapter 16 Section 2 Idea’s that SHAPED Darwin’s Thinking (pp.454-459). What you need to be able to do:. Based on structure, function, and genetic information, establish evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Darwin’s THEORY of Evolution

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  1. Darwin’s THEORY of Evolution Chapter 16 Section 2 Idea’s that SHAPED Darwin’s Thinking (pp.454-459)

  2. What you need to be able to do: • Based on structure, function, and genetic information, establish evolutionary relationships between organisms. • Describe how due to genetic variations, environmental forces, and reproductive pressures, organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genetic information.

  3. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking European belief - Earth and all life on it were created a few thousand years ago, and… In 1658, Bishop Ussher, proposed that Earth was formed in 4004 BC. This made Earth, 5,662 years old. Bishop Ussher …no changes had occurred to either since creation, except for catastrophies

  4. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Fossil finds caused some scientists to say there had been several periods of creation Fossils - the preserved remains or imprints of ancient organisms. Darwin realized his observations did not fit with the old or the new creation theory

  5. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Hutton and Geologic Change (1795) He proposed that layers of rock form very ___________ slowly James Hutton (geologist)

  6. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Hutton and Geologic Change - some layers uplifted to form mountains, some eroded to form valleys - surface layers shaped by natural forces (rain, wind, heat, cold) millions - processes were very slow so Earth must be _________ of years old

  7. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lyell’s Principles of Geology 1833 – past Earth events must be explained by observations reasoning…same processes that shaped past Earth still occur today geological features built up or torn down over _________ time periods long Charles Lyell (geologist)

  8. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lyell’s Principles of Geology Darwin read Lyell's book, The Principles of Geology, before sailing on the Beagle Darwin believed that Earth had _______________ over long periods of time changed If Earth could change, maybe __________ could also change over long periods of time life IMPORTANCE: This meant that Earth was old enough for evolution to occur!

  9. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lyell’s Principles of Geology Darwin’s Observations from South America Darwin witnessed an earthquake and a volcanic eruption while in South America – reminded of Lyell’s book, this confirmed to him that Earth is constantly changing.

  10. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis Lamarck was among the first to propose that living things change over time. 1) All species descend from other species 2) organisms born with tendency toward complexity and _______________ perfection Jean-Baptiste Lamarck adapt 3) Organisms ___________ to their environment

  11. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis 4) Organisms could alter traits by using bodies in new ways 5) by selective use or disuse, traits were ___________ or lost as organisms lived (later a DISPROVEN theory) acquired These were called “acquired characteristics” Reaching for tall branches stretches the giraffe’s neck – the longer neck is then passed on to its offspring (inheriting acquired characteristics) and over time the species would change. This was Lamarck’s Theory of Acquired Characteristics

  12. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis Lamarck’s theory was wrong. Acquired traits are not heritable! However, Lamarck did pave the way for later biologists because he was the 1st to propose a theory of evolution based upon organisms being adapted to their environment. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck How might we test this today???

  13. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Malthus – Population Growth Thomas Malthus, English economist wrote about human population and available resources. If a population grew unchecked, eventually there would be insufficient living space and food Thomas Malthus Over-crowding

  14. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Malthus – Population Growth Darwin read Malthus's essay before leaving on the Beagle 1) must apply to all organisms since they produce more offspring than humans 2) realized this did not happen because most non-human offspring ________ before reproductive age die Charles Darwin 3) Darwin asked - what natural mechanism could drive evolution (change)?…which individuals survive and why?

  15. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding) Breeders were creating desired traits (that were inheritable) in relatively short periods of time Over a longer time, could ____________ select for traits that gave an organism survival advantages? nature

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