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This article explores concepts in social psychology such as group polarization, groupthink, attribution errors, social loafing, deindividualization, aggression, altruism, obedience, compliance, attitudes and behavior, stereotypes and prejudice, counterattitudinal behavior, primacy effect, choosing friends, marital happiness, social facilitation, and task vs social functions.
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Group polarization: the theory that group discussion reinforces the majority’s point of view and shifts opinions to extreme • Groupthink: poor group decision making that occurs as a result of a group emphasizing unity over critical thinking
Explain the errors some people make when using shortcuts to attribute behavior
People often put themselves in the best possible light by assigning external causes for failures and internal causes for success, which is called self-serving bias.
The tendency to work less hard when sharing the workload with others
Is irrational behavior performed by and individual when there is little or no chance of being identified.
What are two factors that inhibit individual action within a group setting?
Diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect inhibit individual action within a group setting.
It assumes aggression is learned in childhood by observing and imitating the behaviors of others
Aggression is intended to do physical or psychological harm to another person. • Altruism is the act of helping others without expecting a reward.
Students volunteered to role-play prisoners and prison guards in a stimulated prison. Within two days, most of the guards were intoxicated with power and acting cruelly, and prisoners began showing signs of extreme stress. The emotional reactions were very extreme they had to end the experiment after 6 days.
Participants were instructed to administer shocks to learners for incorrect answers, increasing shock levels. 65% of participants administered the full shock despite learner’s pleas.
Compliance is a change in behavior without an accompanying change in thinking.
What are the three elements and three functions of attitudes?
Belief or opinion, feelings, and a tendency to act in certain ways
The theory that generations tend to think differently about certain issues because of different formative experiences
__________ occurs when a person wholeheartedly accepts an attitude and the attitude becomes an integral part of the person.
Stereotypes are oversimplified and difficult to change beliefs. Roles are oversimplified and difficult to change ways of acting. They work together to create prejudice and interact in such a way that makes the cycle hard to break.
Describe the relationship between attitudes and behavior in counterattitudinal behavior, self-justification, and self-fulfilling prophecy.
Counterattitudinal behavior: public behavior contradicts private attitudes. • Self-justification: either behavior or attitudes must be justified to reduce dissonance • Self-fulfilling prophecy: person behaves in such a way as to make the attitude true
The tendency to form opinions of others based on first impressions
Proximity: the nearness of one person to another • Reward values: what they add to friendship • Physical appearance • Similarity: choose friends with similar backgrounds
The study of how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others
The compatibility of the couple’s needs • Whether the husbands and wifes images of themselves coincide with their images of each other • And agreement on each spouse’s role in the marriage
The tendency to perform better in the presence of a group is known as _____, and the tendency to perform worse is________.
What is the difference between task functions and social functions?
Task functions are activities directed toward getting a job done. Social functions are responses directed toward satisfying one’s needs.
What factors work to hold a group together and what factors increase the commitment of a person to a group?
Shared norms, a common ideology, and high commitment. • Commitment increases when the individuals can share in group decisions and rewards and when personal sacrifice is required.
