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Ecology

Ecology. Big Ideas. Energy. Energy flows through every ecological system Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem Outputs = what goes out of the system. Food Webs. Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem. Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels. 10% Energy Transfer

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology Big Ideas

  2. Energy • Energy flows through every ecological system • Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem • Outputs = what goes out of the system

  3. Food Webs • Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem

  4. Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels • 10% Energy Transfer • Producers make up largest biomass

  5. Bioaccumulations • Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount between trophic levels

  6. Carbon Cycle • Cycles carbon through the ecosystem • Contains photosynthesis and cellular respiration • Opposite chemical reactions

  7. Nitrogen Cycle • Cycles nitrogen through the system • Bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfers it to plants

  8. Population Growth • Populations will grow exponentially if there are no limitingfactors

  9. Population Growth • Populations will reach carryingcapacity because of limiting factors which include: • Abiotic (non-living) • Space & Water • Biotic (living) • Food & Predators

  10. Population Density • Population Densityis the number of living things in an area • Example: • 500 moose in 10 sq. miles = 50 moose per mile

  11. General Ecology • Non-native species usually DIE in a new environment, some survive and take over if they have no predators

  12. Sustainability • Maintaining resources for future use • Choices we can make now that support sustainability • Substituting renewable (?) for non-renewable (?) resources • Recycling • Using fewer resources

  13. DNA and Genetics Big Ideas

  14. DNA & Genetics DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; is a code for your physical (phenotype) traits - PHYSICAL TRAIT

  15. Proteins: can be used to make bodystructures, hormones and enzymes • Enzymes act to speedup (catalyze) chemical reactions in the body • Ex. Digestion of food, making DNA, and regulating glucose

  16. GeneticsVocabulary • Phenotype: What your physically look like • Ex. Blue Eyes OR Brown Eyes • Genotype: What your genesare • Ex. Bb, bb, or BB

  17. Vocabulary • Dominant:Trait/gene that is shown • Ex. BB = Brown EyesBb = Brown Eyes • Recessive: Trait/gene that is hidden by a dominant gene • Ex. bb = Blue Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes

  18. Vocabulary • Heterozygous: different genes • Ex. Bb for Brown Eyes • Homozygous: same genes • Ex. bb for Blue Eyes

  19. PunnettSquare: used to predict offspring • Ex. Two heterozygous bunnies are crossed; black fur is the dominant trait • Phenotype ratio • Ex. 25% white bunnies, 75% black bunnies • Genotype ratio • Ex. 25% bb, 50% Bb, 25% BB F f F FF Ff f Ff ff

  20. PunnettSquare Practice: Small Whiteboards

  21. A detached earlobe man (EE) has children with an attached earlobe woman (ee). What are the possible genotypes (gene combination)? What are the possible phenotypes (physical trait)? Earlobes (E)

  22. A blue eyed male mates with a blue eyed female, what color eyes could the offspring have? • Blue eyes are recessive

  23. A heterozygous tongue roller (Tt) mates with a non-tongue roller (tt), what percentage of their children will be tongue rollers?

  24. What is the probability (percentage) that two homozygous recessive people will have a child that can wiggle their ears? Can move ears = Dominant (although this may be variable) Can’t move ears = Recessive Ear Wiggling (W)

  25. A homozygous recessive female with freckles (f) mates with a homozygous dominant male without freckles (F), what genotypes could their offspring have?

  26. What is the percent chance two heterozygous tongue roller will have a non-tongue roller offspring?

  27. Mitosis and Meiosis and Evolution Big Ideas

  28. Mitosis • Mitosis: produces two IDENTICAL cells from one cell for growth and repair

  29. Meiosis • Meiosis: produces four UNIQUE sex cells for reproduction • Females: Eggs • Males: Sperm • Allows for differences (variation) in populations

  30. Mitosis and Meiosis

  31. Evolution • Evolution: change over time All living things are related to a COMMON ANCESTOR!!!

  32. Evidence of Evolution • Evidence: • Presence of Fossils found in rock layers • Homologous and Vestigial Structures • Homologous: Similar Structures • Vestigial: Unused structures; whale pelvis, human wisdom teeth

  33. Fossil Record Homologous Structures

  34. Evidence of Evolution • DNA Comparisons • Humans and mice are 99% similar in DNA, so they are closely related • Embryos • Closely related organisms have similar embryos

  35. DNA Comparisons Embryos

  36. Natural Selection • Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest, failure of the worst” • The “goal” of life is to survive and reproduce • Based on ability to survive in environment

  37. Mutations in DNA: can (not always) lead to unique traits, which may help or hinder survival!!

  38. Mutations

  39. Balancing Biological Systems Homeostasis

  40. Homeostasis: regulation of systems to maintain balance • Two things can affect homeostasis • Negative Feedback • Positive Feedback

  41. Negative Feedback • Negative Feedback: increase causes decrease, decrease causes increase • Ex. AutomaticThermostat: if temperature decreases in room, then the temperature increases • Negative ≠ bad

  42. Positive Feedback • Positive Feedback: increase causes increase; decrease causes decrease • Ex. No shower for 2 weeks: smell from bacteria growth increases on a daily basis • Positive ≠ good

  43. Negative or Positive Feedback?? N P Deforestation Immune System Fighting Infection Regulating Body Temperature (too hot OR cold) Body is Hungry N P

  44. Choose two examples to complete a Negative Feedback Loop AND a Positive Feedback Loop • Identify what HOMEOSTASIS would be • Explain the STIMULUS that tells us homeostasis is not in balance • Identify the CONTROLCENTER in the body (if there is one) that recognizes the stimulus • Explain what RESPONSE occurs

  45. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Big Ideas

  46. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite chemical reactions

  47. Photosynthesis: plants take carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and make glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) • Plants make their own food!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  48. Cellular Respiration: plants AND animals make energy (ATP) by transforming glucose (C6H12O6)and oxygen (O2) into carbondioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) • CHEMICAL Energy in glucose is transformed into the energy to live (ATP) • Very similar to setting something on fire (combustion), which releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere

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