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Plant Science

Learn about weed control, insecticide use, and plant disease treatments to optimize crop production. Identify common pests and understand pesticide application requirements for successful plant management.

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Plant Science

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  1. Plant Science Section 3: Pest Control, Weeds, Insects and Diseases Mrs. Smith

  2. Section 3 Overview • Define weed and herbicide. • Analyze the effects of weeds on ornamental and forage crops. • Identify major categories of weeds. • Develop a weed control system for crop production. • Describe insects’ primary features and define insecticide. • Identify common insects affecting greenhouse and garden plants. • Analyze pesticide labels and determine application requirements. • Identify basic plant diseases and causes of these diseases. • Recognize characteristics of insect and disease damage to plants. • Determine plant disease treatments. • Recognize the laws governing application of pesticides on ornamental and forage crops. • Diagram lifecycles of insects, pests, and diseases.

  3. Vocab Words • Herbicide: a substance that is toxic to plants, used to destroy unwanted vegetation. • Insecticide: a substance used for kills insects. • Pesticide: a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals. • Weed: a wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants.

  4. Impact of Weeds • Weeds compete with crops in 3 main areas: sunlight, water, and nutrients from the soil. • Weeds greatly effect forage crop yields, especially the longer they are allowed to grow. • Herbicides that are used for forage crops may not be able to be used on ornamental crops. • From a biological perspective, weed control is critical to landscape survival in the first year after transplanting as installed plants are not yet competitive and weed pressure is often greater following site disturbance. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/abstract/journals/hortsci/50/6/article-p851.xml

  5. Major Categories of Weeds • Annuals: Annual weeds germinate and spread by seed, having an average lifespan of one year. These include both winter and summer types. • Biennials: Biennial weeds complete their life cycle in two years, germinating and forming rosettes their first year and producing flowers and seeds their second year. • Perennials: Perennial weeds return every year and normally produce long tap roots in addition to seeds. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/weeds/what-is-a-weed.htm

  6. Weed Control System • Why is there a need to control weeds? • Unlike most grain or fiber crops from which weeds are separated at harvest, weeds are often harvested along with forage crops, potentially reducing quality. • Many plants contain poisonous substances that may be toxic to livestock if consumed. • 5 main categories of weed control methods: • Preventative Weed Control: using certified weed-free seed. • Cultural Weed Control: crop rotation. • Mechanical Weed Control: tillage. • Biological Weed Control: use of sheep/goats. • Chemical Weed Control: use of herbicides. https://extension.psu.edu/weed-management-in-pasture-systems https://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/weeds/control

  7. Insects • What is an insect? A small arthropod (invertebrate) animal that has six jointed legs and generally one or two pairs of wings. Bodies are formed of a head, thorax, and abdomen. Flies, bees, and lice are true insects. • Create the image to the right in your notebook; including all labels.

  8. Most Common Garden/Greenhouse Insects Aphids & Ants Adult Vine Weevil https://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/topic/1043177 http://www.fruitdisease.co.uk/EntomologyResearchPage3.asp Sawfly Larvae Whitefly http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/vegento/pests/onion-thrips/ https://www.hgtv.com/design/outdoor-design/landscaping-and-hardscaping/16-common-garden-pests-pictures https://www.hgtv.com/design/outdoor-design/landscaping-and-hardscaping/16-common-garden-pests-pictures

  9. Entomology Exploration Time! Which of the following images is not a true insect? *Hand out Entomology Exploration Activity Worksheet

  10. Lifecycle of Insects http://www.webhydroponics.com/fungus-gnat-life-cycle/ http://www.vtaide.com/png/grasshopper.htm

  11. Pesticide Labels *see data sheet/label handout*

  12. Basic Plant Diseases & Their Causes Powdery Mildew: caused by moist conditions, humid weather, crowded plants, and shade. http://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/care/pests-and-diseases/diseases/powdery-mildew.html Black spot: fungal disease that reduces quality and lifespan of plant, and is spread through rainfall and overhead irrigation. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp268 Armillaria root rot: caused by fungi that gets inside the plant and prevents it from absorbing water properly. http://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/care/pests-and-diseases/diseases/armillaria-root-rot.html

  13. Lifecycle of Plant Diseases Powdery Mildew on Field Peas http://www.croppro.com.au/crop_disease_manual/ch07s05.php

  14. Insect vs. Disease Damage To Plants https://www.fix.com/blog/common-garden-pests-and-how-to-get-rid-of-them/

  15. https://www.proflowers.com/blog/plant-diseases

  16. Plant Disease Treatments Fungicide: an agent/chemical that destroys or inhibits fungi growth, including their spores. *homemade fungicide: mixing 1 heaping tablespoon of baking soda with 1 gallon of water, or use dishwashing soap that does not contain degreaser or bleach. Always be careful with use around children and pets, as well as testing a small amount on a plant first before using over the whole plant.

  17. Laws Governing Applications • National Pesticide Information Center • The primary federal statutes that give the EPA the authority to regulate pesticides are the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). This page includes a brief overview of the major rules and regulations pertaining to pesticides.

  18. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) • Create an IPM program for this school (this is an individual assignment): • Think about what pests are or could be at the school in various buildings (use specific examples of pests in specific buildings/surrounding areas of campus). • Think about how to relate the 5 different types of control methods (preventative, cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical). • Create a one-page handwritten write-up of your IPM program for this school, including a logo & company name that you create (must be appropriate & adhere to school rules).

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