World History Chapter 23 War & Revolution

1. World HistoryChapter 23War & Revolution

2. Section 3: The Russian Revolution

4. Daily Objectives • Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia. • Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin.

5. Daily Objectives • Describe how Communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forces.

6. I. Background to Revolution • Unprepared both militarily & technologically • No competent military leaders • Nicholas II lacked ability & training • Industry unable to produce the weapons needed

7. I. Background to Revolution • Soldiers sent to the front without rifles

8. A. Beginnings of Upheaval • Alexandra, Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife • Falls under the influence of • Grigori *Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man

9. Czar Nicholas http://www.courtmusicians.com/CourtMasters/CzarNicholasII.jpg

10. Rasputin http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/schools/s090/history/rasputin.a.gif

11. A. Beginnings of Upheaval • While Nicholas was away at the battlefront, Alexandra consulted Rasputin • Rasputin was assassinated in December 1916

12. B. The March Revolution • *Petrograd, Russia’s capital city • Women & workers marched through the city demanding peace & bread • A general strike shut down all the factories in the city

14. B. The March Revolution • The Duma, or legisalative body forced Nicholas II to step down ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty • Provisional government was headed by Alexander Kerensky

15. B. The March Revolution • Kerensky decided to carry on the war • *soviets, councils composed of representatives from the workers & soldiers start to form • Most radical group the Bolsheviks

16. II. The Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks, a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats • *lead by V.I. Lenin • dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system

17. II. The Rise of Lenin • April 1917, with help from German military leaders, Lenin returns to Russia • Lenin wanted to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers & peasants & use them to overthrow the provisional government

19. II. The Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks promised an end to the war, redistribution of all land to the peasants, the transfer of factories & industries from capitalists to committees of workers & the transfer of gov’t power from the provisional gov’t to the soviets

20. III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power • November 6, 1917 Bolshevik forces seized the Winter Palace the seat of the provisional gov’t • *Bolsheviks, soon renamed themselves the Communists • Lenin had promised peace, but it would mean the humiliating loss of Russian territory

22. III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power • *Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia gained peace but lost eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland & the Baltic provinces

24. IV. Civil War in Russia • Opposition to the Communists came from groups loyal to the czar, liberals, anti-Leninist socialists, Communist White Russians, Allied forces & Ukrainians

25. IV. Civil War in Russia • The Communists (Red) Army were forced to fight • First serious threat came from Siberia • Anti-Communist (White) forces attacked westward almost to the Volga River

26. IV. Civil War in Russia • Attacks also came from the Ukraine in the Southeast • White forces swept through Ukraine & advanced almost to Moscow • Each advance by the Whites was stopped

29. IV. Civil War in Russia • On July 16, 1918 members of the local soviet in the Urals murdered the czar & his family

30. V. Triumph of the Communists • Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force • *Organized by Leon Trotsky the commissar of war • reinstated the draft, insisted on rigid discipline

31. Leon Trotsky

32. V. Triumph of the Communists • deserters & those who refused to obey orders were executed on the spot • the disunity of anti-Communist forces weakened their efforts • Political difference among the Whites created distrust

33. V. Triumph of the Communists • Whites had no common goals • Communists had revolutionary zeal & convictions • war communism meant gov’t control of banks & industries, seizing of grain & centralization of state administration

34. V. Triumph of the Communists • Presence of foreign armies on Russian soil arose Russian patriotism • By 1921, the Communists were in total command of Russia • Hostile toward the Allied Powers

35. the czar the peasants the czar, the officials, the nobles, and the middle classes

36. Section 4: End of the War

38. Daily Objectives • Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive. • Explain how peace settlements brought political & territorial changes to Europe & created bitterness & resentment in several nations.

39. I. The Last Year of the War • - Allies defeated on the Western front • - Russia’s withdrawal from the War • - War weariness beginning to take its toll • + Entry of the United States

40. A. A New German Offensive • Erich von Ludendorff decided to make one final military gamble - a grand offensive in the west • Stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne on July 18, 1918 • Supported by French, Moroccan & American troops

41. A. A New German Offensive • Gamble had failed • Allied forces began making a steady advance toward Germany • September 29, 1918, General Ludendorff informed German leaders that the war was lost

42. B. Collapse & Armistice • Allies unwilling to make peace with the autocratic imperial government • November 3, 1918 sailors in the town of Kiel mutinied. • Workers & soldiers took over civilian & military offices

43. B. Collapse & Armistice • William II left the country on November 9, 1918 • Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert created a democratic republic

44. B. Collapse & Armistice • November 11, 1918, the new German government signed an • armistice, a truce, an agreement to end the fighting.

45. C. Revolutionary Forces • A radical socialists group formed the German Communist Party and tried to seize power • Social Democratic government crushed the rebels & murdered the leaders of the German Communists

46. C. Revolutionary Forces • leaving German middle class with a deep fear of communism • Austria-Hungary also experienced disintegration & revolution • Ethnic groups sought independence

47. C. Revolutionary Forces • Austria-Hungary empire replaced by independent republics of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

48. II. The Peace Settlements • In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris

49. A. Wilson’s Proposals • *U.S. President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy & international cooperation • *Fourteen Points - his basis for a peace settlement

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