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Learn how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia and how the Bolsheviks, under Lenin's leadership, came to power, triumphing over anti-Communist forces and leading to the rise of Communism in Russia. Explore the background, upheaval, rise of Lenin, Bolshevik seizure of power, Civil War, and triumph of the Communists in this pivotal chapter of world history.
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Daily Objectives • Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia. • Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin.
Daily Objectives • Describe how Communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forces.
I. Background to Revolution • Unprepared both militarily & technologically • No competent military leaders • Nicholas II lacked ability & training • Industry unable to produce the weapons needed
I. Background to Revolution • Soldiers sent to the front without rifles
A. Beginnings of Upheaval • Alexandra, Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife • Falls under the influence of • Grigori *Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man
Czar Nicholas http://www.courtmusicians.com/CourtMasters/CzarNicholasII.jpg
Rasputin http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/schools/s090/history/rasputin.a.gif
A. Beginnings of Upheaval • While Nicholas was away at the battlefront, Alexandra consulted Rasputin • Rasputin was assassinated in December 1916
B. The March Revolution • *Petrograd, Russia’s capital city • Women & workers marched through the city demanding peace & bread • A general strike shut down all the factories in the city
B. The March Revolution • The Duma, or legisalative body forced Nicholas II to step down ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty • Provisional government was headed by Alexander Kerensky
B. The March Revolution • Kerensky decided to carry on the war • *soviets, councils composed of representatives from the workers & soldiers start to form • Most radical group the Bolsheviks
II. The Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks, a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats • *lead by V.I. Lenin • dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system
II. The Rise of Lenin • April 1917, with help from German military leaders, Lenin returns to Russia • Lenin wanted to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers & peasants & use them to overthrow the provisional government
II. The Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks promised an end to the war, redistribution of all land to the peasants, the transfer of factories & industries from capitalists to committees of workers & the transfer of gov’t power from the provisional gov’t to the soviets
III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power • November 6, 1917 Bolshevik forces seized the Winter Palace the seat of the provisional gov’t • *Bolsheviks, soon renamed themselves the Communists • Lenin had promised peace, but it would mean the humiliating loss of Russian territory
III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power • *Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia gained peace but lost eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland & the Baltic provinces
IV. Civil War in Russia • Opposition to the Communists came from groups loyal to the czar, liberals, anti-Leninist socialists, Communist White Russians, Allied forces & Ukrainians
IV. Civil War in Russia • The Communists (Red) Army were forced to fight • First serious threat came from Siberia • Anti-Communist (White) forces attacked westward almost to the Volga River
IV. Civil War in Russia • Attacks also came from the Ukraine in the Southeast • White forces swept through Ukraine & advanced almost to Moscow • Each advance by the Whites was stopped
IV. Civil War in Russia • On July 16, 1918 members of the local soviet in the Urals murdered the czar & his family
V. Triumph of the Communists • Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force • *Organized by Leon Trotsky the commissar of war • reinstated the draft, insisted on rigid discipline
V. Triumph of the Communists • deserters & those who refused to obey orders were executed on the spot • the disunity of anti-Communist forces weakened their efforts • Political difference among the Whites created distrust
V. Triumph of the Communists • Whites had no common goals • Communists had revolutionary zeal & convictions • war communism meant gov’t control of banks & industries, seizing of grain & centralization of state administration
V. Triumph of the Communists • Presence of foreign armies on Russian soil arose Russian patriotism • By 1921, the Communists were in total command of Russia • Hostile toward the Allied Powers
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Daily Objectives • Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive. • Explain how peace settlements brought political & territorial changes to Europe & created bitterness & resentment in several nations.
I. The Last Year of the War • - Allies defeated on the Western front • - Russia’s withdrawal from the War • - War weariness beginning to take its toll • + Entry of the United States
A. A New German Offensive • Erich von Ludendorff decided to make one final military gamble - a grand offensive in the west • Stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne on July 18, 1918 • Supported by French, Moroccan & American troops
A. A New German Offensive • Gamble had failed • Allied forces began making a steady advance toward Germany • September 29, 1918, General Ludendorff informed German leaders that the war was lost
B. Collapse & Armistice • Allies unwilling to make peace with the autocratic imperial government • November 3, 1918 sailors in the town of Kiel mutinied. • Workers & soldiers took over civilian & military offices
B. Collapse & Armistice • William II left the country on November 9, 1918 • Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert created a democratic republic
B. Collapse & Armistice • November 11, 1918, the new German government signed an • armistice, a truce, an agreement to end the fighting.
C. Revolutionary Forces • A radical socialists group formed the German Communist Party and tried to seize power • Social Democratic government crushed the rebels & murdered the leaders of the German Communists
C. Revolutionary Forces • leaving German middle class with a deep fear of communism • Austria-Hungary also experienced disintegration & revolution • Ethnic groups sought independence
C. Revolutionary Forces • Austria-Hungary empire replaced by independent republics of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia
II. The Peace Settlements • In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris
A. Wilson’s Proposals • *U.S. President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy & international cooperation • *Fourteen Points - his basis for a peace settlement
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