CHAPTER 20 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON

1. CHAPTER 20THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON WORLD HISTORY Section 1 (pages 592-599) Revised September 29, 2013

2. The Revolution Begins • Section 1 • Pages 593-599 • Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy.

3. Europe, 1789

4. 1. What caused the French Revolution? • 1. Inequalities in society • Old order • The King and his family (monarchy) were at the top, followed by three social groups called “estates.” • King Louis XVI and his wife Marie-Antoinette lived an extravagant life 10 miles outside of Paris. • The lived at a palace called Versailles • The King was shy and indecisive, not cruel. • The Queen was born in Austria, a traditional enemy of the French, thus making her very unpopular . • She also hosted lavish parties, bought frivolous items, and was self-indulgent. • She enjoyed fancy clothes and wigs, while many of the common people wore rags.

5. The FirstEstate • Roman Catholic clergy (1%) • The clergy had held several privileges since the Middle Ages. • Only church courts could try priests and bishops for crimes, thus they did not have to answer to the same laws as everyone else. • Neither the clergy nor the Roman Catholic Church had to pay taxes. • Land belonging to the Church was also exempt from taxes. • The Church owned almost 10% of the land in France and this produced vast sums of money from rent and fees. • Bishops and other clergy controlled this wealth and became very rich.

6. Second Estate • Nobles , made up of key positions in government & the military (2%) • Although the nobility controlled much of the country’s wealth, they paid few taxes. • Many lived on country estates where peasants did all the work and were forced to pay high fees and rents to the landowner. • Some nobles lived in luxury at the king’s court, where their only real jobs were ceremonial.

7. Third Estate • Largest group (97%) • Bourgeoisie- • Merchants, factory owners, & professionals, like doctors and lawyers. • Even though they had no role in the government, some were highly educated and quite rich. • Their wealth did not buy them any influence in government. • Sans culottes- • Artisans & workers, like shoemakers, carpenters, bricklayers, dressmakers, and laborers. • Named for the pants they wore during their jobs which did not have “knee breeches”. • Seen as a sign of being lower class because the nobility wore tight knee-length breeches. • If these people had no work, they went hungry. • Peasants- • Worked hard and had very little. • They had to pay rents and fees to the landowners. • They also had to pay 10% of their income to the Church. • In addition, they had to perform labor, such as working on roads, without pay. • Many peasants lived miserable lives with little hope of things getting better.

8. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION Reasons: The Bread Famine and the Pawnbroker by Le Sueur brothers, 1700s 1. Inequalities in society 2. Ideas of Enlightenment writers- Locke, Montesquieu, Rosseau 3. Poor leadership from Louis XVI— hetried to tax the Second Estate, but the nobles refused to pay. 4. Financial crisis—heavydebt after spending money on wars, but the King continued to spend money lavishly. 5. Widespread hunger and record cold—poor harvest

9. The Revolution Begins

10. 2. What happened at the meeting of the Estates-General? • An assembly made up of all three Estates met to discuss new taxes. • Asked to approve taxes on the Third Estate • Estates General had not met for over 175 years • Representatives wrote notebooks (cahiers) to document their grievances. • As the notebooks arrived in Paris, it became evident that the people wanted extreme reforms. • Voting process threatened reform • Before, 1st/2nd Estate voted together, thus outvoting the 3rd estate • 3rd Estate wanted voting procedures changed • Refused to follow King’s orders to vote the old way • King Louis refused to recognize them • Thus, they formed the National Assembly on June 17, 1789 • Gave themselves the right to make law • Locked out by the King and met in an indoor tennis court • Tennis Court Oath—would not leave until they had written a constitution for France. • The King relented and allowed each representative to have a vote

11. 3. What happened during the first events of the Revolution? • Spring of 1789—no group was happy • 1st/2nd Estates (upper clergy & nobility) • Resented they had lost power to the monarchy • 3rd Estate • Wealthy bourgeoisie resented gov’t regulations that hampered business growth • Poorer members resented the hunger & unemployment • Demanded more representation and rights • A mob stormed the Bastille • Rumors of retaliation spread

12. 4. Why did a mob storm the Bastille? • The King ordered troops to Paris and Versailles in case he needed to preserve the monarchy by force. • In response, the Nat’l Assembly armed themselves against any action taken by the King. • On July 14, 1789, a mob of Parisians went to the Bastille, an ancient prison, looking for weapons. • The Bastille was viewed as a symbol of oppression by the people. • The mob first tried to negotiate for weapons, but when the Bastille’s commander refused, they stormed into the prison. • The mob killed the commander and put his head on a stick before parading through the streets of Paris. • This became a powerful symbol of the French Revolution.

13. Storming the Bastille

14. THE REVOLUTION BEGINS

15. 5. What was the connection between the fall of the Bastille and the Great Fear? • Some were fearful of punishment from the king. • Rumors were spread about the king hiring foreign soldiers to punish the 3rd Estate. • As a result, a panic swept through France. • Some stories were true, but most were not. • As a result of years of abuse by landowners, some peasants did take revenge. • Records listing feudal dues and rents were burned, along with some of the nobles’ homes.

16. 6. Did the National Assembly created by the 3rd Estate have the right to make laws for all of France? • Yes • They represented 97% of the people in France.

17. CREATING A NEW NATION • 1789- NATIONAL ASSEMBLY • Eliminated Feudal dues • Tax the First Estate • Wrote the Declarations the Rights of Man • “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND FRATERNITY” • Freedom of speech press and religion

18. 7. How did the French create a new nation? • The violence that marked the beginning of the Revolutions subsided. • The Nat’l Assembly began to transform centuries of French tradition. • By August 1789 • Nat’l Assembly had eliminated all the feudal dues and services owed by peasants to landowners • Eliminated the 1st Estates legal privileges • Adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood) • All men are born equal and remain equal before the law • Freedom of speech, press, and religion • US Bill of Rights • Women not given these rights (Olympe Gouges)

19. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • The Declaration laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution—“liberty, equality, fraternity [brotherhood].” Writers of the Declaration took their inspiration from the English Bill of Rights, the American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Enlightenment philosophers

20. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • Men are born and remain free and equal in rights • The aim of all political association is the preservation of the …rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression • 5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society…. • 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its formation. It must be the same for all… • 7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law… • 9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty… • 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man… • 12. A common contribution (tax) is essential. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.

21. 8. What was the outcome of the women’s march on Versailles? • King Louis again called troops to the palace to protect his throne. • This angered the common people • In October, 7000 women marched through the rain from Paris to Versailles and demanded bread. • After breaking into the palace, King Louis agreed to return to Paris and live in the Tuileries Palace with his family.

22. 9. What happened after the seizure of Versailles to religious leaders? • Revolution’s leaders took bolder steps • They passed several anticlerical measures • Seized church lands and sold them to pay off France’s huge debt • All religious orders were disbanded • Also passed an act to turn the clergy into public employees • This outraged most members of the clergy and horrified many peasants.

23. 10. What steps did National and Legislative Assemblies take to create a new nation? • Nat’l Assembly finished constitution in 1791 • It created a new legislative body called the Legislative Assembly. • Citizens gained broad voting rights. • But had to be a tax paying male and at least 25 • The monarchy was kept, but severely restricted. • King Louis and Marie-Antoinette feared for their lives. • Disguised themselves and fled. • They were eventually caught and returned to Paris.

24. 11. Why do you think that Austria and Prussia warned against harming the French monarchs? • July 1792 • Austria & Prussia issued a warning against harming the French monarchs. • Austria sent 50,000 troops to the French border. • In response, the Legislative Assembly declared war. • France’s army was in disarray, and was easily defeated. • The warning had probably been issued to avoid provoking a war against France, but to no avail.

25. 12. What challenges were faced by the people of France in August 1792? • A mob marched on the palace and slaughtered the guards. • The king and queen, with their children, were thrown in prison. • They had been reduced to commoners. • Faced with mob violence and foreign invasion, the Legislative Assembly felt powerless. • It voted itself out of existence and called for the election of a new legislature. • This violence put the radical faction in control. • This National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

26. 1791- Constitution was CompleteLegislative Assembly • 1791- Legislative Assembly • Established broad voting rights • Restricted the Monarchy • King and Queen were arrested while trying to flee • 1792- Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia • The End of the Monarchy Extreme action came on August 10, 1792, when a mob marched on the Tuileries Palace and slaughtered the guards. Louis, Marie-Antoinette, and the children—now demoted to commoners— were thrown in prison. •      Faced with mob violence and foreign invasion, the Legislative Assembly felt powerless. It voted itself out of existence and called for the election of a new legislature, the National Convention. The violence in August helped put the radical faction, or those who favored extreme change, in control. Among the National Convention’s first acts were abolishing the monarchy and declaring France a republic.

27. Section 2 (Pages 601-607) • 1793 Jacques-Louis David painting, the Death of Marat

28. 1. What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics? • When the National Convention convened on September 20, 1792, the radical representatives were in control. • France would not be a constitutional monarchy, but a republic. • Tried and executed the king. • Set up Committee of Public Safety and the Revolutionary Tribunal. • Closed churches. • Tried to undo old way.

29. 2. What were the three factions in the National Convention? • Montagnards – the most radical • Jacobin Club • Lower middle class and poor people • Supported the Republic- against Monarchy • Girondins –moderates • Supported constitutional monarchy • Resisted extremes on either side • The Plain • Swing voters • Eventually lean Radical

30. National Convention-1792THE REPUBLIC • 1792- Establishment of a new Legislature- THE NATIONAL CONVENTION • Radical faction took over the government • ABOLISHED THE MONARCHY • GOVERNEMNT DIVIDED INTO THREE FACTIONS • The Mountain (Montagnards)—most radical, support from lower middle class/poor • Girondins—moderates • The Plain—swing voters

31. 3. Who were the radical leaders of the new republic of France? • Jean-Paul Marat • Advocate of violence and leader of Paris sans culottes • One of the most radical leaders • Printed radical newspaper • Had a skin condition which required daily medicinal baths • Stabbed to death while taking his bath • Georges-Jacques Danton • Violent agitator – very popular with public • A compromiser • Maximilien Robespierre • Intense dedication to the Revolution • Led the National Convention during its most blood-thirsty time. • Initially detested the death penalty

32. 4. When the National Convention decided to try and execute the king, what message were they sending to France? • The more powerful Montagnards were eager to try & execute the King. • Wanted to prevent the return of the Monarchy and defend the Revolution from its enemies. • The King was quickly condemned and scheduled to die on January 21, 1793. • He tried to give a speech about his innocence, but was drown out by a drum roll. • He was placed in the guillotine and his head was cut off. • A young guard held his head up after the execution.

33. EXECUTION OF THE KING

34. 5. What departments did the National Convention set up? What did they do? • First to be set up was the Committee of Public Safety. • Managed the country’s military defense against enemies on France’s borders. • Created a draft of all able-bodied men between 18-45 for military service. • Created a court called the Revolutionary Tribunal. • This court was set up to root out and eliminate people who threatened the Revolution from within.

35. TRANSFORMING SOCIETY

36. 6. How did the Revolution attempt to also transform society? • Leaders wanted to erase all connections to old ways of life, including religion. • Many clergy members lost their positions. • In Paris, the local government closed the churches and replaced Catholic Churches with “the Cult of the Supreme Being”. • A metric system replaced the old system of weights and measures. • A new calendar also cut ties to the past. • This calendar, renamed the months and made each month 3 weeks of 10 days. • This calendar fell out of use, but the metric system stayed.

37. 7. Overall, why did the Nat’l Convention want to change French government and society? • It saw the old government and systems as oppressive and it wanted to create a better society.

38. 8. What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it end? • Middle of 1793 • Many people in and out of France criticized the Revolution. • Revolution leaders worried about a counterrevolution. • A revolution against a gov’t that was established by a revolution. • Included Great Britain, Holland, Spain, Austria, and Prussia who all formed a coalition to make war against France. • In response, revolutionary leaders began a series of accusations, trials, and executions.

39. Reign of Terror-DirectoryPage 604-605 • As a result, some of the revolutionary leaders feared that they would lose control. They decided to take drastic actions to avoid a possible counterrevolution, a revolution against a government that was established by a revolution. The Mountain began a series of accusations, trials, and executions that became known as the Reign of Terror, creating a wave of fear throughout the country.

40. 9. Why did peasants generally oppose the Revolutionary gov’t? • The peasants had won their main goal—the end of feudal dues—they returned to their conservative roots. • Most remained devoutly Catholic. • After the institution of the draft, the peasants’ hatred for the gov’t erupted. • “They have killed our king; chased away our priests; sold the goods of our church; eaten everything we have and now they want to take our bodies . . . No, they shall not have them.”

41. 10. What dramatic events occurred in the Vend`ee? • An area of western France, resistance to the gov’t was so strong that it led to civil war. • Counterrevolutionary force called the Catholic and Royal army, fought gov’t forces. • Gov’t forces ultimately regained control by destroying everyone and everything it could.

42. Reign of Terror-DirectoryPage 604-605

43. 11. Who was in danger of being tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal? • Committee of Public Safety (summer of 1793) • M. Robespierre declared the need to use terror to defend the republic from its many enemies. • The terror campaign started with the Girondists, who had favored a constitutional monarchy. • Soon, anyone who had criticized the Revolution or was connected to the Old Order, was in danger of being hauled in for a trial. • Some were tried because of their counterrevolutionary activity. • The accused had few rights and some were even forbidden to defend themselves.

45. 12. How did the guillotine contribute to the Reign of Terror? What is its history in France? • Such a death was quick, in contrast to the agonizing methods of execution used in the past. • The executioner could execute more than one person per minute. • Paris executioner complained that decapitation by sword dulled the blade. • Sharpening the sword took time, and their were many to be executed. • Sometimes the condemned bribed the executioner to be “on target” with their swing. • Dr. Joseph Guillotine, a member of the Nat’l Assembly, recommended a “decapitation machine” used by other countries. • Guillotine believed this method was more in line with Enlightenment ideals. • The guillotine became a symbol of terror.

46. 13. Why wasn’t the Reign of Terror ended sooner? Who were the victims? How many were victims did the Terror claim? • The Reign of Terror did not spare any particular class, occupation, or gender. • More peasants and laborers formed the largest group of victims. • However, nobility and even women were executed. • Marie-Anoinette—Queen of France • Olympe de Gouges—wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman • Nuns who refused to close their convents. • Robespierre sent G.J. Danton and followers to the guillotine. • Robespierre himself was executed along with about 100 of his followers. • During the 10 months of the Terror, some 300,000 people were arrested, and about 17,000 were executed.

47. After the Terror • France had to start over with a new gov’t • In 1795, the Nat’l Convention wrote another constitution • After the new constitution was adopted, voters elected a governing board called the Directory • Directory made up of 5 men called Directors • The Directory did pass some legislation, but was mostly ineffective • France’s troubles continued because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the Directory • As a result, there was a power vacuum, with no one really in control • High prices, bankruptcy, citizen unrest still continued

48. Napoleon’s Europe • Section 3 • Pages 608-613

49. Governments of Revolutionary France • Estates General (Old Order) • Had not met for 175 years • Sought changes to voting process/individual votes • Nat’l Assembly (created June 17, 1789) • Locked out by King (Tennis Court Oath) • Ended feudalism and privileges of the 1st & 2nd Estates • Approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • Seized church lands and made clergy paid employees • Kept limited monarchy, which reduced the king’s power • Legislative Assembly (first met September, 1791) • Inexperienced representatives, often deadlocked on domestic issues • Declared war on Austria in April 1792 • Voted itself out in 1792 • Felt powerless, after royal family was imprisoned • Nat’l Convention (first met September, 1792) Extremely radical • Abolished the monarchy & declared France a republic • Tried and executed Louis XVI for treason • Instituted draft to increase size of army • In power during the Reign of Terror • Began codifying laws and creating public education system • Abolished slavery in French colonies • Wrote a new constitution, and created the Directory • Directory (first met in 1795) • Run by an executive branch of five directors • Weak, corrupt, and inefficient • Ended in 1799 when Napoleon seized power

50. 1. How did a young officer’s chance to prove himself change Europe’s future? • Napoleon showed early signs of greatness • 1793- Defeated the English at Toulon • Napoleon took over for a wounded captain • 1794- Defeated Austria in Italy • 1795- Defeated the French mob • 1790’s- Napoleon controlled all French forces- kept France secure in very difficult times • 1798- Napoleon in Egypt (pg.609) • 1799 Coup d'état- Directory had grown weak and ineffective (pg. 609)