Future Challenges

1. Future Challenges Population

2. Population growth • 20 million population • Growth • Natural increase • Migration • Family structures • Decline • Minimum working age • Equal pay for women • Changes is society • Technology

3. Aging Population • Baby boomers • X- generation • Y – generation • Z – generation • Life expectancy

4. Government policies • The governments of advanced industrial countries have been aware for sometime that their populations are ageing, and they have begun to develop policies for problems this could bring. • In Australia, such policies include: • Independence and self- provision (superannuation and longer working life) • Income support through tax concessions, age programs and the residential aged- care programs and aged pensions • Attitude, lifestyle and community support via senior concession cards • Health ageing through medicare, public hospitals and the health care provided through home nursing. • Political lobby groups for senior citizens

5. Migration The movement of people to Australia (Immigration) - Permanent or semi- permanent The movement of people out of Australia (emigration) - work, relocation, family commitments

6. Government policies • The Australian Government has generally had a policy of encouraging migration. However, at most times this policy has been selective, actively discouraging many potential migrants. The Federal Government decides how man migrants will be allowed into Australia each year. Numbers are set in two main categories • The migration program • The humanitarian program

7. Programs • Programs have two components • An offshore program (overseas migration programs) • An onshore program (people already in Australia on working visas, holiday visas and student visas who want to change their status to permanent resident)

8. People Smuggling and the Pacific Solution • The Australian government prevents people entering Australian waters illegally. • People smugglers profit from other peoples desperation and misery. ( they guarantee to get people to Australian territory, this is within Australia’s exclusion zone) • The pacific solution – is setting up detention centre's outside Australian, on island territories or small island states that Australia pays to accommodate asylum seekers.

9. Multicultural Australia • Abolition of the White Australia policy • Populate or perish • Refugees from Vietnam • Migration of skilled workers

10. Where do we live • Population density 2.5 • Location • 2/3 live in major cities (coastal cities) • 1/3 live in regional areas • The small 3% remanding live in remote areas • Indigenous people are more likely to live in rural and remote areas although this is declining as young Indigenous people seek employment (etc) in major cities

11. Population distribution • 84 % of the population live in major cities (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) • Reasons for living in the coastal region • Climate • Historical factors • Employment • Education • facilities

12. Growth • Natural increase • Overseas migration (net) • Interstate migration

13. Ecological Sustainability • Future population growth • Ecological foot print – the load imposed on nature to meet the needs of the human population

14. Ecological footprint

15. Human rights and reconciliation • What are human rights • Abuse of human rights • Indigenous people – access to health, education etc • Sorry speech