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Spatiotemporal Analysis of Historical Maritime Exchanges in Asia Using HuTime

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Historical Maritime Exchanges in Asia Using HuTime. Mamoru Shibayama Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. Project and Topic.

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Spatiotemporal Analysis of Historical Maritime Exchanges in Asia Using HuTime

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  1. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Historical Maritime Exchanges in AsiaUsing HuTime Mamoru Shibayama Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

  2. Project and Topic • To explore a dynamism on maritime exchange network between East and Southeast Asian countries from the 15th to 20th centuriesusing HuTime. • Area-based historical documents compose of 10 sources, such as the the Ryukyu diplomatic document "RekidaiHoan: 1420-1890 [3] “, Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen (Chinese Ships) : 1637 -1833"[1], and others.

  3. Chronological Table of Maritime Exchanges China Ryukyu Siam Japan The Ryukyu diplomatic document "Rekidai Hoan“ "Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen”

  4. Asian Trade and the Ryukyu Diplomatic Document "RekidaiHoan” : 1424-1867 • Documents which were exchanged between Ryukyu Kingdom and other countries such as Siam(暹羅), Annam (安南）, Java(ジャワ）， Palembang（旧港）, Sumatra, Jakarta, Malacca（満刺加），Korea, and Patani（仏太泥）. • The “RekidaiHoan” is written entirely in Chinese, composed of 242 volumes in total, including four lists, and an extra four sections. • The Ryukyu Kingdom was put under a tributary state of Ming Dynasty, that an emperor gave to Ryukyu as a sign of respect or of submission with Ryukyu’s allegiance. And any marketing on the maritime trade was prohibited in Ming Dynasty. • An analysis in this report, • Focuses on volumes from No. 1 to 43, which is first compilation covering the period from 1424 to 1672 (1037 notes). • To observe only relationship between Siam and Ryukyu (69 notes).

  5. An example of Vol. 40, No.1 – King of Ryukyu requested Siam to do fair and free marketing without king’s bureaucratic control. Source: Copy of Taiwan University

  6. Category of Notes in “RekidaiHoan” • Emperor’s words (勅詔): words or appointment issued by emperor • Rescript (勅諭) : a rescript for Ryukyu issued by Emperor or Ministry level of Ming. • Note (咨文): exchanged letters between countries at same level such as between emperor and king level or ministry levels. • Reply (回咨): reply or answer for note • Certificate (執照): certificate for an envoy with ship, crew, and interpreters issued by Ryukyu.

  7. Notes from Ryukyu to Siam : Note(咨文) in 1425Retrieval Result by Keyword ‘Siam(暹羅)’and ‘Note(咨文) from 1037 notes ■King of Ryukyu requested to King of Siam [Note] ■To buy Sappanwood and peppers ■To pay tribute for Ming Dynasty J M Sappanwood And Pepper R S Ceramic and Fabric [Gift] Sappanwood: sapang – material of dyes

  8. Notes from Ryukyu to Siam : Certificate in 1510Retrieval Result by Keyword ‘Certificate(執照) ■King of Ryukyu issued [Certificate] ■To inform crew and nationality ■ To buy Sappanwood and peppers J M Sappanwood And Pepper R S Ceramic, Sword, and Fabric [Gift] *Certificates were appeared instead of Note from 1510

  9. Request of Tribute for Ryukyu : Rescript in 1666 ■ Emperor of Ming ordered to King of Ryukyu [Rescript] ■ Request to pay tribute such as sword and sulfur as well as Sappanwood Ceramic, And Fabric J M Sappanwood, Pepper, Sword, and Sulfur R S Ceramic, Sword, and Fabric Emperor of Ming requested Ryukyu to get sword and sulfur as well as sappanwood and peppers.This is from retrieval result for notes by a keyword ‘sword’.

  10. Ming Requested Ryukyu to be mediate between Ming and Japan : Rescriptin 1425 ■ Emperor of Ming to King of Ryukyu [Order] ■ Request Ryukyu to be mediate between Ming and Japan Ceramic, and Fabric J M Sappanwood, Pepper, Sword, and Sulfur R S Ceramic, Sword, and Fabric It is found that sword is appeared in a note of 1425. It is first time.

  11. Envoy, Secretary, and Interpreter : Rescript in 1430 ■ Emperor of Ming to King of Ryukyu [Order] ■ Request Ryukyu to buy commodities from other countries Ceramic, and Fabric Sword and Sulfur J M Sappanwood, Pepper, Sword, and Sulfur R S Ceramic, Sword, and Fabric Dignitary ‘Chan Shan – SHIBAYAMA’ was an envoy for Ryukyu to make relationship with Japan.

  12. Story obtained from “RekidaiHoan” using HuTime • Ryukyu Kingdom was a relay point for maritime root between 10 countries. • New findings – • “Shibun was replaced by “Certificate” from 1510. This means trading system might be changed in 1510. • Process of making relationship between Ming and Japan could be traced through a sword trade. • Mobility of ambassador can be traced as well as commodities. • Loadage and size of ship can be estimated based on the number of crew and quantity of commodities. • When each ship left at port and came back to Ryukyu can be seen and verified according to the date of notes related with monsoon. Trading Network Sappanwood and Pepper Ming Japan Ceramic, and Fabric Sappanwood, Pepper, Sword, Sulfur, and Fan Sword, Sulfur, and Fan Sappanwood and Pepper Ryukyu Siam Ceramic, Sword, and Fabric

  13. Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen (Chinese) Ships: 1637 -1833 • The trade record, which was kept in the office of Dutch merchant (1609-1860) in Hirado and Nagasaki in Japan in the Edo period, was surveyed and compiled by Prof. Yoko Nagazumi in 1987. • The number of arrived ships and commodity items are 1613 and 3151 respectively. And the number of left ships and items are 884 and 530 respectively. The total number of items is more than 40,000 goods. Shanghai ZhaPu Dinghai Ningbo Rui'an Tonkin Fuzhou Siam Jiaozhi Quanzhou Cambodia Anhai Xiamen Patani Zhangzhou Guangzhou

  14. Example of Compilation Ship Name and Date Commodity Items and Quantity

  15. TheNumber of Arrived/Left Ships at Nagasaki using HuTime • The number of ships per year is shown as below.

  16. Summary of Arriving/Leaving Tosen Ships : 1637-1833 • In 1633, Japanese trade was closed on national isolation policy, it called Sakoku, by Edo shogunate. • The number of arriving ships is as follows; • Arrived - Imported Left - Exported • ZhaPu ship : 309 (19.2%) ZhaPu ship : 78(8.8%) • Anhai ship : 191(11.8%) Nanjing ship: 60(6.8%) • Nanjing ship: 90(5.6%) No.4 ship: 54(6.1%) • Fuzhou ship: 67(4.2%) No.2 ship : 54(6.1%) • Ninbo ship: 52(3.2%) No.5 ship : 53(6.0%) • Total:1613 ships 884 ships • In this report, • The number of Siam ships; • Arrived : 32(2.2%) times, 263 Items • Left: 6(0.6%)times 35 Items • To observe item Sappanwood

  17. Arriving/Departing of Siam Ships at Nagasaki1653 - 1766

  18. Imported Sappanwood All ships for importing goods All ships for importing sappanwood Imported quantity of sappanwood

  19. Imported Sappanwood from 1646 to 1663 The period was enlarged from 1646 to 1663

  20. The Number of Ships with the Sappanwood for arriving at Nagasaki #安海船 Anhai 82 #乍浦船 ZhaPu 47 #東埔寨船Cambodia 38 #広南船 Guangnan 35 #暹羅船 Siam 32 #三番船 No.3 30 #六番船 No.6 29 #五番船 No.5 26 #二番船 No.2 24 #四番船 No.4 24 #一番船 No.1 12 #八番船 No.8 22 #七番船 No.7 22 #船1隻 Unknown 20 #九番船 No.9 19 #十番船 No.10 17 #無番船 Unknown 16 #東京船 Tonkin 11 #台湾船 Taiwan 10

  21. Quantity of Sappanwood by kind of Tosen Siam Ship Arrived : 35(2.2%) times

  22. Imported Sappanwood of “Made in Siam” • Most of Siam’s Sappanwood were transported via Chinese ports.

  23. A Result obtained from Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen using HuTime • Large number of arriving/leaving ships were ZhaPu ships. • Imported Amount of sappanwood was around 12,600 tons for 200 years. • Siam ships were taken important roll for importing Sappanwood in national isolation policy of Edo period. • It can be seen that sappanwood of “Made in Siam” was separated from ordinary sappanwood. • Most of Siam’s sappanwood were transported via Chinese ports. It can be considered that Chinese merchants also concerned very much with sappanwood trade between Siam and Nagasaki.

  24. Conclusion • New findings • “Shibun(letter) was replaced by “Ship Certificate” from 1510. This means trading system might be changed in 1510. • Process of making relationship between Ming and Japan could be traced through a sword trade. • Large number of arriving/leaving ships were ZhaPu ships. • Most of Siam’s Sappanwood were transported via Chinese ports. • Using HuTime • Every records can be visualized on chronological display. • Numerical analysis can be done on the timeline. • Several new findings with quantity of goods were obtained from an analysis. • An output of HuTime can be used onto other software such as Excel, Word, SPSS, and so on. • Future subjects • To use HuMap as well as HiTime. • To analyze another documents with above simultaneously.

  25. Thank you very much for your attention

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