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朱建华 Zhu Jianhua M.D. 浙江大学附属第一医院 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University

稳定性冠心病的治疗策略 Therapeutic Strategy of Stable Coronary Artery Disease. 朱建华 Zhu Jianhua M.D. 浙江大学附属第一医院 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University 2013.7.26 哈尔滨. 稳定型冠心病的概述. 稳定性冠心病 (SCAD) 也称为 稳定性缺血性心脏病 (SIHD)

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朱建华 Zhu Jianhua M.D. 浙江大学附属第一医院 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University

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  1. 稳定性冠心病的治疗策略Therapeutic Strategy of Stable Coronary Artery Disease 朱建华 Zhu Jianhua M.D. 浙江大学附属第一医院 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University 2013.7.26 哈尔滨

  2. 稳定型冠心病的概述 • 稳定性冠心病(SCAD) 也称为稳定性缺血性心脏病(SIHD) • Defined as an established pattern of angina pectoris, a history of myocardial infarction, or the presence of plaque documented by catheterization. • Prevalence: 20–40 per 1000 person • Almost 17 million patients in the United States have stable CAD, and nearly 800,000 more will experience an initial event each year. Circulation 2009;119:e21-e181 Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update

  3. 冠脉病变的进展 N Engl J Med 2005;352:2524-33.

  4. 稳定型冠心病与其他型冠心病的关系 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

  5. 稳定型冠心病的治疗目标 • Relief of symptoms and ischemia; • Prevention of premature cardiovascular death; • Prevention of progression of coronary artery disease leading to myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, and congestive heart failure. Lancet 2010; 375: 763–72

  6. 稳定型冠心病的治疗方案 • 生活方式改变 • Exercise; weight reduction; smoking cessation; • management of psychological factors • 危险因素控制 • Lipid, blood pressure, diabetes management • 药物治疗 • 抗血小板: aspirin, clopidogrel • B受体阻滞剂: • RAS抑制剂: ACEI, ARB • 他汀类: • 抗心绞痛治疗: beta-blocker, CCB, nitrates, ranolazine, • nicorandil, ivabradine, trimetazidine • 再血管化治疗 2012 Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SIHD

  7. 稳定型冠心病再血管化指征 • Patients with unacceptable angina • Patients deemed likely to have a survival benefit from revascularization, based upon the location and severity of the lesion, the number of diseased vessels, and the presence of left ventricular dysfunction 中国慢性稳定性心绞痛诊断与治疗指南 • 在药物治疗基础上进行血管重建应考虑以下情况: • 药物治疗不能成功控制症状使患者满意。 • 无创检查提示较大面积心肌存在风险。 • 手术成功率高,而相关的并发症和死亡率在可接受范围内。 • 与药物治疗相比患者倾向于选择血管重建,并且已向患者充分告知治疗可能出现的相关风险。 From UpToDATE; 中华心血管病杂志 2007年3月第35期第3卷

  8. 对于稳定型冠心病,药物治疗基础上的再血管化是否能改善预后?对于稳定型冠心病,药物治疗基础上的再血管化是否能改善预后?

  9. COURAGE trial N Engl J Med 2007;356:1503-16..

  10. COURAGE trial 在美国和加拿大的50个单位进行的多中心随机对照临床试验,从1999年6月至2004年1月共入选2 287例稳定型心绞痛患者,随机分为2组。 药物治疗组患者接受包括运动、戒烟、饮食咨询和体重控制在内的治疗性生活方式改变,并按照现行指南给以单硝酸异山梨酯、长效美托洛尔、氨氯地平等抗心绞痛药物,阿司匹林或氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集,使用他汀类调脂药必要时加用依折麦布,争取使LDL-C控制在1.56-2.21 mmol/L,LDL-C达标后加用缓释烟酸制剂等,使HDL-C>1.04 mmol/L、TG<1.70 mmol/L,血压控制目标在130/85 mm Hg)以下,并给以二级预防药物赖诺普利或洛沙坦。 PCI组患者除了上述治疗措施外,还进PTCA/支架植入治疗,尽量做到完全性血运重建。该组有46例因患者拒绝或冠状动脉解剖原因未能进行介入治疗,27例患者介入治疗中未能跨越任何病变。对1 077例患者的1 688处病变进行了介入干预,其中590例植入1枚支架,416例植入至少2枚支架,这些病变有1 576处(93%)处理成功,958例患者(89%)获得临床成功。 N Engl J Med 2007;356:1503-16..

  11. COURAGE trial N Engl J Med 2007;356:1503-16..

  12. COURAGE trial N Engl J Med 2007;356:1503-16..

  13. COURAGE trial N Engl J Med 2007;356:1503-16..

  14. COURAGE试验的局限性 • COURAGE试验的入选患者中排除了严重心绞痛患者、负荷试验强阳性患者、心功能不全的患者、左室射血分(LVEF)<30%的患者,而这些患者恰好是更能从血运重建治疗中获益的人群。 • COURAGE试验中介入治疗组的病变处理成功率只有93%,临床成功率只有89%,不能反映现有的介入治疗水平。 • COURAGE试验中只有31例患者(1.8%)置入DES,绝大数患者置入普通金属裸支架。事实上,药物洗脱支架可以明显降低心绞痛复发率,提高患者的生活质量,而这恰恰是众多患者寻求介入治疗的始动原因。 • 在COURAGE试验中,患者接受的药物治疗达到了很高的强度,动脉粥样硬化的危险因素得到很好的控制。然而,在临床实践中,我国绝大多数患者没能达到这强度,药物治疗效果必然比COURAGE试验中的患者差。 COURAGE试验后稳定型心绞痛的治疗策略思考 北京大学学报; 2007;39 (6)

  15. BARI 2D trial 研究纳入2368例有已证实稳定性冠心病和2型糖尿病的患者,随机分配接受快速血运重建 vs. 初始药物治疗 结论:再血管化(CABG or PCI)与药物治疗相比,并不能降低2型糖尿病合并稳定型心脏病患者的死亡风险 N Engl J Med 2009;360:2503-15

  16. BARI 2D 亚组分析 低危 高危 PCI + MED vs MED 低危 高危 CABG + MED vs MED 在伴有广泛冠脉病变或左室功能受损的糖尿病患者中,即刻CABG策略可显著降低死亡/心梗/卒中发生率;但未发现PCI有类似益处。 Circulation. 2012;126:2115-2124

  17. Evidence from Meta-Analysis JACC 2008;52:894–904 PCI-based invasive strategy may improve long-term survival compared with a medical treatment-only strategy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with greater freedom from angina compared with medical therapy,but this benefit was largely attenuated in contemporary studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:370-379. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5;476-490 PCI,as compared with OMT, did not reduce the risk of mortality, cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or revascularization. PCI, however, provided a greater angina relief compared with OMT alone.

  18. Evidence from Meta-Analysis • 在稳定型冠心病中,冠脉支架植入+药物治疗 • 是否优于单纯药物治疗? 研究共纳入8项研究,7229例病人,比较死亡、非致死性心梗、未计划的再血管化治疗,持续性心绞痛 Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  19. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  20. Stent + MED vs MED Death 8.9%vs 9.1%(OR 0.98; 95% CI, 0.84-1.16) Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  21. Stent + MED vs MED Nonfatal MI 8.9% vs 8.1% (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.93-1.34) Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  22. Stent + MED vs MED Unplanned revascularization 21.4% vs 30.7% (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.57-1.06) Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  23. Stent + MED vs MED Persistent angina 29% vs 33% (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60-1.05) Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  24. Stent + MED vs MED Conclusion: Initial stent implantation for stable CAD shows no evidence of benefit compared with initial medical therapy for prevention of death, nonfatal MI, unplanned revascularization, or angina. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312-319

  25. FFR 指导支架植入

  26. FFR 指导支架植入 J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(3):173-185.

  27. FAME II Trial N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  28. FAME II Trial 研究背景: COURAGE研究结果证明对于稳定性冠心病患者,PCI未能取得更好的疗效。同FAME II研究类似,该研究也是对患者进行介入治疗,球囊扩张,最终置入支架。但是由于时代和技术的限制,当时研究中使用的是裸支架,在这种情况下,研究对比结果说明药物治疗优于介入治疗,因此有结论说在稳定性冠心病患者中实施介入治疗不合理。那么稳定性冠心病患者是不是应当进行介入治疗,FAME II研究为这一话题提供了良好的答案。 研究目的: 讨论在FFR(Fractional Flow Reserve,冠脉血流储备分数)指导下,PCI对比药物治疗在稳定性冠心病患者中的治疗。 研究性质: 前瞻性的、随机的、有对照组的,国际多中心临床试验。

  29. FAME II Trial 研究设计: 纳入适合接受PCI的稳定型冠状动脉疾病患者及血管造影证实单支、双支或三支冠状动脉病变且适合接受PCI的患者,原计划纳入1,832例患者,实际共纳入1,220例,其中888例具有至少1处FFR≤0.80的狭窄病变:447例被随机分入FFR指导的PCI+最佳药物治疗组,441例被分入单纯最佳药物治疗组。332例血管造影证实具有明显狭窄病变但狭窄病变FFR均≥0.80的患者被纳入注册研究,接受单纯最佳药物治疗。平均随访时间为212天。 对所有患者给予阿司匹林 80~325 mg qd、美托洛尔 50 ~200 mg qd(或任何其他β受体阻滞剂)、赖诺普利(至少5 mg qd,或其他ACEI或ARB)和阿托伐他汀(20~80 mg,或其他statins)。使用第二代DES治疗所有PCI患者。 N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  30. FAME II Trial 研究终点: 研究的终点是主要心脏不良事件,包括各种原因导致的死亡,记录在案的心肌梗死,以及紧急血运重建导致的再次入院等。 随访时间包括1个月、6个月、1年、2年、3年、4年和5年。 FAME II试验在试验开始后2012年1月提前结束 ! 主要原因是在随机研究组中,实施PCI联合MT的患者,恢复效果明显优于单纯药物治疗组,出于人道主义和医学伦理的考虑,试验提前结束。 N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  31. FAME II Trial N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  32. FAME II Trial N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  33. FAME II Trial N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  34. FAME II Trial N Engl J Med 2012;367:991-1001..

  35. FAME II Trial

  36. Limitations of FAME II Trial Terminated at a mean follow-up of 7 months because of a highly significant treatment difference - a finding driven solely by adifference in the end point of urgent revascularization (medical-therapy group vs. PCI group; hazard ratio with PCI, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.30; P<0.001). There were very few “hard” events overall, with only four deaths (three in the medical-therapy group and one in the PCI group) and 29 myocardial infarctions (14 in the medical-therapy group and 15 in the PCI group). Neutral effects on the rate of death or myocardial infarction, and the lack of a significant, sustained treatment effect on the reduction of angina beyond 6 months are not seen. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1059-1061.

  37. The ongoing ISCHEMIA trial Purpose To determine the best management strategy for higher-risk patients with stable ischemic heart disease. This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a target enrollment of ~8000 patients with at least moderate ischemia on stress imaging. Patients will be assigned at random to a routine invasive strategy with cardiac catheterization followed by revascularization plus optimal medical therapy (OMT) or to a conservative strategy of OMT, with cath and revascularization reserved for those with an acute coronary syndrome, ischemic heart failure, resuscitated cardiac arrest or refractory symptoms. ISCHEMIA Trial; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT 01471522

  38. 稳定型冠心病再血管化治策略的选择: PCI or CABG ?

  39. 合并左室功能减退或缺血引起的室速 2012 Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SIHD

  40. Unprotected Left Main 2012 Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SIHD

  41. 3-vessel disease 2012 Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SIHD

  42. 2-vessel disease 2012 Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SIHD

  43. 1-vessel disease 2012 Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With SIHD

  44. Summary 稳定型冠心病的治疗目标和基本治疗策略 稳定型冠心病再血管化对预后的改善 稳定型冠心病中FFR 指导支架植入 稳定型冠心病再血管化治策略的选择

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