Nation States In the High Middle Ages and Early Renaissance

1. Nation States In the High Middle Ages and Early Renaissance

2. Some Caveats… • These states will all develop at different times for different reasons • This is a general concept that honestly covers the time period from about 1100 – 1800 – well past what we will do in this class. • We are going to focus on a few major states • England • France • Spain • Netherlands • Russia • Italian Papal States

3. Keys to the Development of the Modern State • Fight with the Catholic Church leads to trust in monarchy (England, France, Dutch) • Large Scale Wars Cause a Need for Large Scale Armies (England, France, Russia, Spain • Wealth and Development = larger state (Dutch) • Crusades leads to a need for more centralized state (England, France, Spain) • Infrastructure improvement (All five)

4. Problems with the Catholic Church… • Lay Investiture – • The Papacy • Pope was as much a political office as king or duke in the Middle Ages • Popes would often come from rich families that had already paid for them to become cardinals. • Typically competing families would attempt to become popes – Italian and French being most prominent. • Popes were often times plagued with…problems.

5. Problem Popes • 955-964 – Pope John XII – gave land to mistress, murdered several people, was murdered by man who caught him in bed with his wife • 1032-1048 – Pope Benedict IX – Pope at appx. 20 y.o., orgies, out of wedlock births, SOLD papacy to uncle when bored. • 1277-1280 – Nicholas III – gave land and power to family • 1294-1303 – Pope Boniface VIII – centralized personal authority, sent troops to attack nobles and take land away • 1305-1314 – Pope Clement V – nepotism again, eliminated Knights Templar • 1492 – 1503 – Pope Alexander VI (Roderic Borgia) – corrupt, had 4-5 children, used them to gain wealth and power. Cesare and Lucretia.

6. Western Schism of 1378 • Pope Urban VI was elected to appease Italians after decades of French domination • Urban was harsh and alienated French Cardinals – accused them of not being pius (they weren’t) • Cardinals created their own anti-pope – Clement VII – and sought to rival Rome. • Catholicism split by pope in Avignon, France and Rome.

7. How did it end? • Two rival papacies continued until 1414 when • Both rival groups agreed to meet at Savona, but eventually left and abandoned both of these popes. • Met a Pisa and elected…wait for it…a THIRD pope Alexander V, who was succeeded by John XIII. • Eventually two Roman popes resigned and at Council of Constance a new pope was elected, Martin V. Avignon papacy didn’t end until 1429.

8. England and France • Are inexorably tied together because of their common land ownership and fights over it… • Centralization of the state necessary because of the 100 years war. • 1337-1453 – not continuous a series of wars that have been put together by historians • House of Valois and Plantagenet's attempting to take over French Throne

9. England • William of Normandy - 1066 • Prior to William – England was a true backwater nation • William “the conqueror” took over England at the Battle of Hastings – he was from France (Normandy) • Doomsday Book • Reformed English feudal system and built up castles and army.

10. England leading up to the war… • Since Norman conquest – England had owned land in France – William of Normandy • William’s grandson, Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine – who encouraged her sons to revolt against him. Kill Thomas Beckett – Arch. Of Canterbury • Took over Ireland, Parts of Scotland • They lose but Richard still becomes king. • In 1189-1199 – Richard I in charge but goes to crusades (homosexuality?) • Leaves John I in charge

11. Plantagenet Kingdom under Henry and Eleanor

12. The Terrible Plantagenet's • Richard captured by Duke of Austria - ransomed • John I – revolted after Richard and ruled in his stead during crusades – allied with Philip II of France • Lost Normandy, forced to sign Magna Carta • Richard set free with ransom – reunited with brother John – attacked Philip II rest of life. • Died by crossbowman in meaningless death

13. Lead up to war… • Plantagenet's spent next 100 years fighting over Scotland and France (Edward Longshanks, William Wallace and Robert the Bruce) • Ardent anti-semites. • Henry III loses a series of conflicts in 1220’s and forced to sign treaty that makes English barons of France on French soil. Oops. • Later Edward III (the Black) claims French throne when Charles IV leaves no heir to Capetian throne.

14. The War Itself • Phase I – The War of Breton Succession – English won much land / power – Battle of Cercy (Plantagenet's sort of end in 1399) • Phase II – Henry V (Lancasterian line) invades – wins at Agincourt – 40% of French nobility lost here – by 1429 looked like French going to lose • Phase III – Joan of Arc and Battle of Orleans, sold to English and tried as heretic burned at stake. • However…Charles VII becomes king afterwards and starts Valois dynasty

15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqq-p04_IPs

16. So…what about France? • After Carolingians (Charlemagne) end – get first true French (not Frankish) king in Hugh Capet (elected). • Made Paris center of French life and gov’t • “France” a very general term until 100 years war. Most of power actually in “English” hands after William of Normandy united areas • Attempt by Louis VII (the younger) to gain power by marrying Alienor of Acquitaine for dukeship. Divorced because 2 daughters. • Married Henry II – renamed Eleanor…

17. Height of Capatians • Louis XIII – part of Albigensian Crusades (Gnostic version of Christianity) – Count of Toulouse • Louis IX – “Saint Louis” • Helped fund Crusades – 7th and 8th • Founded Anjou and Bourbon Dynasties • Anjou ruled Naples, Sicily, and Hungary • Bourbon – succeeded as final French line. • Grandson Philip IV – established Estates General and allied with Scots

18. End of Capatian Line leads to Hundred Years War • Philip IV had three sons and one daughter – Isabella. • None of the sons produced an heir and when the last son Charles IV died, sister Isabella claimed that her son should be king. • Claim rejected and then since Isabella was married to Edward III the Blackheart helped lead to war over crown succession. • Transition to the Valois Dynasty

19. Russia – The Mongols Screw It All Up • Russia • Ruik Dynasty – 860’s • Boyars made subservient • Kiev Centered – Vladamir I and Yaroslav the Wise • Mongolian Invasions • Began under Genghis • By 1238 Mongols under Batu Khan subjugated Rus’. • Destroyed Kiev by 1240 – burned to ground • Age of “Tartar” Rule

20. Life under the Mongols • “Golden Horde” • Mongols conquered and then…left • Wanted tribute and loyalty • Raided on regular basis, but then left to princes self government.

21. Expulsion of Mongols – Rise of Moscow • By 1400’s openly challenging Mongol rule. • Battle of Kulikovo Fields – Prince Dmitry of Moscow wins fame • Grandson Ivan III spread out by conquest and agreements • Moscow grows by 3x in size • 1453 – Constantinople Falls to Muslims – Russians see selves as “New Rome”

22. Ivan III • Officially kicked Tatars out – built new Manor system that functioned to create cavalry • Afterward consolidates power • Proclaims self “Tsar” or Caesar in Russian • Powerful expansion but no real connection to Western Europe • Cultural dead period

23. Ivan IV – The Terrible • First TRULY centralized autocratic ruler • Forced boyars to completely cave to his will – killed or exiled dissenters • Livonian War a failure • Expanded Khazaks, Astrakhans, and Siberia • Massacre of Novogord – 1570 – crippled empire and Crimean Tartars invaded.

24. Time of Troubles • Ivan the Terrible’s death led to this period because of childless son Feodor dying. • Invasion and war commenced in and out of government. • Eventually ended by Michael Romanov coming to power • Romanovs will rule until 1918 • Peter the Great • Catherine the Great

25. Holy Roman Empire • Neither Holy (started by Church as an homage to Charlemagne for supporting the church – not papal lands at all) • Nor Roman (Primarily German, named so to harken back to Roman age) • Nor an Empire (a collection of individual principalities and states – not really a unified state)

26. Early Formation • In 800 Charlemagne named Emperor of the Romans – some credit this as start of empire. • After his descendent died in 911 (Louis the Child) some of the barons stopped accepting automatic Carolingian dynastic rule. • Conrad of Franconia “elected” by a group of states as the Rex Francorum Orientalum • No permanent capital city – traveled around (Kaiserpfalz) to deal with affairs

27. Otto the I • Elected king in 936 AD at Aachen • Came to aid of Adelaide in 951 AD – widowed queen of Italy • By 955 AD Otto led to decisive victory over the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld. • By 962 pope John XII officially crowns him emperor • Three expeditions to preserve Italian conquests – One to reinstate John XIII as pope • Historical beginning of the HRE

28. Lay Investiture • Kings employed bishops in a set of basic administrative duties • Pope wanted them to be chosen by him, kings had traditionally had say • Pope Gregory attempted to do so • Henry IV repudiated it and got his bishops to excommunicate pope • Pope excommunicates Henry • Walk to Canossa • Concordat of Worms – 1122 • Weakened Emperor

29. HohenstaufenDynasty • Established ministerialia (non-service men) with land – becomes knights • Reorganizes law to establish – rule of law (Landfrieden) • Reorganizes economic fortunes around explosion of cities (Munich, Freiberg) • Frederick Barbarosa I – reemphasized “Romaness” of divine rights – lists areas he controlled

30. By 1190 – spread eastward. Christianized Prussians with Teutonic Knights Frederick goes on Third Crusade – drowns Pope gets concerned by 1208 that HRE was trying to claim Sicily. Pope installs “anti-king” Frederick II grants dukes “ownership” of land Weakens power of Emperor – doesn’t return for a while More of Hohenstaufen

31. Interregnum • After Frederick’s death no one could get elected. 1250-1273 • Ends with election of Rudolph I • After the end of the interregnum, throughout the 1300’s HRE transitions to a monetary value system replacing land and vassals (happening all over Europe)

32. Golden Bull of 1356 • This bull (proclamation) stated that from now on the Empire would have permanent electors that were hereditary. In addition the Emperor must get the majority of the electors votes. • Kurfürsten – permanent set of prince-electors • Slowly land was transferred to princes from Reichsput (Empire lands) • Basis of power shifts to Emperors own personal land

33. Reichsreform (1400’s) • Series of changes to government structure that established “constitutional” reform • Imperial Court Established • Reichstag created as an Imperial Diet (body of officials) • Created by 1512 the Imperial Circles – regional territories used for taxation, courts, and duchy ownership

34. Charles V - Hapsburg • Because of Succession rules in Spain – Charles V became ruler in 1516. • Through Grandfather Maxmillion I had claims to Germanic territory. • In 1519 elected as HRE – faced revolts in Netherlands, Peasant revolt in HRE, Martin Luther and Lutheranism, expansion into New World via Spain. • Would reign until 1556 and retired • Gave HRE to brother, Spain to son.

35. Netherlands • Tribal communities conquered by Romans and Raided by Vikings for generations • Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire via Otto the Great • Divided into several small counties until the Duke of Burgundy in 1453 – started Dutch nationalism • Gained great wealth by expanding trading networks and defeating Hanseatic League

36. Charles V - Hapsburg • Born in Ghent – a son of the Dutch area was forced to put down multiple revolts • By 1515 he left to become king of Spain and the HRE. • Sent Spanish viceroys to rule in Netherlands. • After Martin Luther / John Calvin, many Dutch princes converted to Protestantism • Leads to William of Orange declaring a revolt and an 80 year long revolution. • Becomes a religious war fueled by money. • Gain independence in 1648 but only northern sections.

37. Commercial Revolution • The shift from a feudal economic system to a system of trading, banking, and commerce. • This was started because of a whole host of factors. • Changed the economic climate dramatically in Europe • Gave rise to new groups (Hanseatic League) established new trading areas (China / Middle East) and created powerful new nations (Spain / Netherlands)

38. Causes • Crusades – exposed Europeans to new items and ideas • Hundred Years War / Reformation – created national identities and tied them to wealth and power • Marco Polo – His travels book inspires curiosity about Asia and Africa • Black Plague – killed ¼ - ½ of Europe. Led to the enclosure movement • Age of Discovery – Starting in late 1400’s with new routes to Asia and you know…Columbus • 1453 – Ottoman Turks take over Constantinople – cut off Europe from Asia • Had no silver left to trade with Far East for goods • Technological innovations in sailing

39. What did it look like? • After fall of Rome, “Money” became minimally existent. • After Black Death and Crusades we see a return to money and trade. • Banks established, and not just by Jews (mostly Italian) • Stock Exchanges will be created in Antwerp, London, and Paris. • Insurance created to manage risk of trade and travel. • Joint Stock Trading companies created.

40. Inflation and Enclosure • Spain gained huge amounts of silver and gold – caused inflation in the prices • Black death causes under population – allows tenant farmers to demand more for work. • Aristocrats used to paying little for work, forced to sell land or suffer inflation big time. • Enclosure movement • Closed off “common land” • Helped with agriculture - hurt small farmers. • Many forced to move to city.

41. Hanseatic League • Commercial and defensive agreement among merchant guilds in Northern Europe • Dominated sea trade in Baltic and North Seas from 1200’s – 1500’s. • Able to keep monopoly like control on goods within cities. • Got into wars with Dutch over trading rights in 1438 and by 1441 lost exclusive trading rights in area. • Slowly destroyed by expansion of banks, new trading companies and Dutch War

42. Major Economic Theories • Mercantilism – goal of nations to gain as much gold and silver as possible by creating an imbalance of trade with colonies • Richer a nation = more powerful • Free Trade – Private ownership of the means of production. Developed late in era – also known as capitalism

43. Conclusions • The Renaissance could have begun 100-200 years earlier if not for the Hundred Years War and Crusades • Trade started getting ramped up…. • ….then trade was shut down because of the Black Death