Life in 19 th Century Europe

1. Life in 19th Century Europe

2. Napoleon’s last Days • March, 1815: Napoleon returned from exile on Elba • Supporters help him return to power • Hundred Days • Louis XVIII flees into exile • June, 1815: Napoleon’s final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo • Exiled to St. Helena (island in the Atlantic) • Napoleon died in 1821

3. Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • Created to establish peace and stability following the reign of Napoleon • Convened in Sept, 1814 • Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia were the main participants • Dominated by Metternich, Chancellor of Austria • P 572 for more on Metternich • Goal: restore and protect the balance of power

4. Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • French territory restored to 1792 boundaries • Lost territories acquired by Napoleon • Monarchs restored to thrones of conquered territories • Louis XVIII restored to throne of France • Kingdom of Netherlands created by uniting the Dutch Netherlands and the Austrian Netherlands • Prussia gained control of land along the Rhine River • Britain and Russia also gained some lands • Switzerland recognized as an independent neutral state • German Confederation created in central Europe • Holy Roman Empire was officially dissolved during the reign of Napoleon

5. Restoring Order • Conservatism: page 578-579 • Wanted to return to the days before the French Revolution • Supported: • Strong monarchs rather than democratic governments • Edmund Burke (British politician) was a major spokesperson for conservativism • Tradition rather than change • Religion as a strong force in society • Favored by: • Royal families • Church leaders • Important Conservatives: Metternich, Alexander I of Russia

6. Restoring Order • Liberalism: page 579-582 • Wanted to reduce the power of monarchs • Supported: • Increased power for Parliament • Constitutional law • Personal freedoms: press, speech, religion • Private property • Free market Economy • Liberals today tend to be opposite • Favored by: • Middle Class

7. Socialism • Reactions to Industrialization and social inequality, Socialist groups began to emerge. • Socialists often criticized the status quo and attacked private property as the root of social problems • Openly attacked laissez-faire economics • Working conditions in factories and living conditions among the poor led many to develop new theories on society, government, and economics.

8. Utopian Socialism (p. 563-566) • Utopian socialists were concerned with living conditions among the poor. • Called for a restructuring of society to create a more equal society

9. Utopian Socialism • Count Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) • Advocated for the creation of a social hierarchy based upon productivity, those with the most useful skills would be at the top • Supported the use of science to make society better • Charles Fourier (1772-1837) • Believed history unfolds in cycles, the next cycle would be one of cooperation, harmony, and equality • Supported greater equality for women • Envisioned a society organized into “phalanx” communities. People would be organized based upon their personalities. The communities would live and work together to reach optimum productivity and harmony

10. Utopian Socialism • Etienne Cabet: 1788-1856 • Sought to apply the principles of Christianity to help solve social problems • He and some of his followers traveled to the Americas to found utopian settlements in Texas and Iowa • Robert Owen: • British industrialist and philanthropist • Believed education could help create a better society • Supported greater equality for women

11. Flora Tristan: (1801-1844) Advocated for more equality for women See page 566 for more info regarding Flora’s background and POV Louis Blanc: (1811-1882) Called for more government involvement in the economy (better wages, greater job opportunities, etc.) Advocated for universal suffrage Socialism

12. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Famous works: Communist Manifesto and Capital Called his brand of socialism “Scientific Socialism” Believed the working class (proletariat) were being exploited by the business owners (bourgeoisie) Predicted a revolution in which the proletariat would rise up and over throw the bourgeoisie His ideas are often associated with Communism Karl Marx

13. Nationalism • Nationalism: pride and/or devotion to ones culture and/or ones country • Became popular in the 1800’s • Starts during the time of Napoleon • Grew after Napoleon’s defeat • Nationalism became a very important aspect of European society in the 1800’s and early 1900’s • Leads to unification of Germany and Italy • Leads to intense pride within nations • Leads to conflict within empires as the various ethnicities demand self-determination

14. Romanticism • Artistic, literary, and musical movement in the 1800’s • Emphasized emotion, feeling, and imagination • Moves away from the emphasis on logic that was typical during the Enlightenment • Common Characteristics: • Tragic figures • Individualism and rebellion against middle class values • Interest in the Medieval period (Gothic architecture, fairy tales, etc.) • Fascination with the bizarre and unusual

15. Common Characteristics: Helplessness of the individual The power of nature (storms, surging seas, dark forests) Use of deep, rich colors Wanderer Above the Sea and Fog Romanticism: Art The Raft of the Medusa