Global Industrial Evolution: Origins, Technologies, and Innovations

1. Chapter 11 Industry

2. 1st Set of Pictures

9. What do they have in common?

10. 2nd Set of Pictures

17. What do they have in common?

18. Chapter 11 Industry

19. Industrial Power Shift • The recent success of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and other Asian countries is a dramatic change from the historic dominance of world industry by Western countries.

20. Geography of Industry: Factory Locations • Where is the Market • Where are the Resources • Site factors • Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital. • Situation factors • Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

21. Key Issues • Where did industry originate? • Where is industry distributed? • Why do industries have different distributions? • Why do industries face problems?

22. The Industrial Revolution • Industrial Revolution • A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. • Began in the north of the United Kingdom around 1750 • Diffused to Europe and North America in the nineteenth century and to the rest of the world in the twentieth century. • The Industrial Revolution resulted in new social, economic, and political inventions, not just industrial ones. • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, industry was geographically dispersed across the landscape. • Cottage industry • Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial revolution.

23. Industrial Revolution Hearths • The iron industry • James Watt’s steam engine, plus other inventions. • The textile industry followed. • Textile • A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing • New industrial techniques diffused from iron and textile industries in the 19th century.

24. Diffusion from the Iron Industry • Iron ore is mined from the ground. • The ore must be smelted (melted) in a blast furnace. • Henry Cort • patented two processes, known as puddling and rolling, in 1783, . . . to remove carbon and other impurities. • The combination of Watt’s engine and Cort’s iron purification process increased iron manufacturing capability. • Generated innovations in coal mining, engineering, transportation, and other industries. • Iron industry changed from dispersed pattern to clustering in 4 locations near coal mines.

26. Engineering • In 1795 James Watt and Matthew Boulton established the Soho Foundry at Birmingham, England, and produced hundreds of new machines. • From this operation came our modern engineering and manufacture of machine parts.

27. Transportation • Canals • In 1759 Francis Egerton built a canal between Worsley and Manchester. • This feat launched a generation of British canal construction. • Railways or “Iron horse” • Two separate but coordinated engineering improvements were required: the locomotive, and iron rails for it to run on. • The first public railway was from Stockton and Darlington in the north of England in 1825.

28. Diffusion from the Textile Industry • Textile Industry - 1760 and 1800 • Richard Arkwright. . . improved the process of spinning yarn. • Required more power than human beings could provide so they adopted Watt’s steam engine. • Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system. • Chemicals • Traditional Method – Sour Milk or Human Urine • In 1746 established a factory in which sulfuric acid, obtained from burning coal, was used instead of sour milk. • 1798 Charles Tennant produced a bleaching powder made from chlorine gas and lime, a safer product than sulfuric acid. • Natural-fiber cloth, such as cotton and wool, is now combined with chemically produced synthetic fibers,. . . made from petroleum or coal derivatives. • Today the largest textile factories are owned by chemical companies.

29. Food Processing • Another industry derived from the chemical industry is food processing. • Canning requires high temperature over time. . . some four to five hours, depending on the product. • This is where chemical experiments contributed. • Calcium chloride was added to the water, raising its boiling temperature from 100°C to 116°C (2 12°F to 240°F). • This reduced the time for proper sterilization to only 25 to 40 minutes. • Consequently, production of canned foods increased tenfold.

30. Diffusion from the United Kingdom • Britain’s Crystal Palace became the most visible symbol of the Industrial Revolution, built to house the 1851 “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations.” • When Queen Victoria opened the Crystal Palace, the United Kingdom was the world’s dominant industrial power. • From the United Kingdom, the Industrial Revolution diffused eastward through Europe and westward across the Atlantic Ocean to North America. • From these places, industrial development continued diffusing to other parts of the world.

31. #2 - Where is Industry Distributed? • North America • Industrialized areas in North America • Changing distribution of U.S. manufacturing • Europe • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • East Asia

32. Manufacturing Regions

33. North American Manufacturing • Concentrated in NE US and SE Canada. • Early. . . settlement gave eastern cities an advantage. . . to become the country’s dominant industrial center. • The Northeast also had essential raw materials. . . and good transportation. • The Great Lakes and major rivers. . . were supplemented in the 1 800s by canals, railways, and highways. • Erie Canal

35. Manufacturing Value Change Fig. 11-5: The value and growth of manufacturing in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. between 1972 and 1997.

36. Europe and Manufacturing • The Western European industrial region • Appears as one region on a world map. • In reality, four distinct districts have emerged, primarily because European countries competed with one another to develop their own industrial areas. • Eastern Europe has six major industrial regions. • Four are entirely in Russia, • One is in Ukraine • One is southern Poland and northern Czech Republic. • There is also one east of the Ural Mountains called Kuznetsk.

37. Four Manufacturing Centers in Western Europe • Rhine - Ruhr Valley • Mid – Rhine • United Kingdom • Northern Italy

38. Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and Russia • Central Industrial District • St. Petersburg Industrial District • Eastern Ukraine Industrial District • The Volga Industrial District • The Urals Industrial District • Kuznetsk Industrial District • Silesia

39. Manufacturing Centers in East Asia • 4 Asia Tigers (Dragons) • Hong Kong • Singapore • South Korea • Taiwan • Now China has huge manufacturing centers.

40. Key Issue 3: Why do industries have different distributions?- Industrial Location • Situation factors • Location near inputs • Location near markets • Transport choices • Site factors • Land • Labor • Capital • Obstacles to optimum location

41. Situation Factors • Situation factors • Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. • A manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to both buyers and sellers. • If the cost of transporting the product exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer. • Conversely, if inputs are more expensive to transport, a factory should locate near the source of inputs. • If the weight and bulk of any one input is particularly great, the firm may locate near the source of that input to minimize transportation cost.

42. Alaska Pipeline • 800 miles long • 48 inches in diameter • Crosses over 800 rivers • Construction began March 27 1975 • 3 years to build • Have loaded over 18,000 ships in Valdez